Chemistry of 4-Hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone. Part 1: Synthesis and reactions

Moaz M. Abdou

doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.01.012

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Review

10 (

2_suppl

); S3324-S3337

doi:

10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.01.012

Chemistry of 4-Hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone. Part 1: Synthesis and reactions

Moaz M. Abdou^⁎

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, P.O. 11727, Cairo, Egypt

⁎Tel.: +20 1000409279. moaz.chem@gmail.com (Moaz M. Abdou)

Received: 2013-2-25, Accepted: 2014-1-22, Published: 2014-05-01

Disclaimer:
This article was originally published by Elsevier and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.

Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.

Abstract

This review summarizes results from the literature concerning the synthesis and chemical reactivity of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone as well as its reactions that are reported. Most imaginable reaction types have been successfully applied and used, as many of the synthetized compounds exhibit interesting biological activity in various fields.

Keywords

4-Hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone

Synthesis

Chemical reactivity

Tautomeric structure

Reactions

Show Related Articles from PubMed

1 Introduction

4-Hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones are of great interest due to their roles in natural product chemistry and their fascinating pharmacological activities (Bessonova, 2000; Detsi et al., 1996; Clarke and Grundon, 1964; Grundon, 1978; Chauncey et al., 1988; Ngadjui et al., 1992; Ukrainets et al., 2007; Lager et al., 2006; Seman et al., 1997, 1998; Boteva et al., 2007, 2008; Yang, 1998a, 1998b; Cecchetti et al., 2000; Nakahira et al., 2009a, 2009b; Crespo et al., 2000; Hall et al., 1974; Suen et al., 2006; Liang et al., 2009; Meisel and Ciociola, 2004a, 2004b; Cutler (2001a,b), Chem. Abstr, 2001; Davies and Yates, 1995). These compounds have found numerous applications as antibacterial, antifungal (Arya and Agarwal, 2007; Smiley and Benkovic, 1995; O’Loughlin et al., 1999 ), analgesic (Ukraintos et al., 1994, 1995), dye-stuffs (Zieglar et al., 1963), herbicides (Bayer, 1956), orally active antagonists (Morsay and Lerson, 1994), anti-inflammatory (Haviv and Dewat, 1983, 1984), antiallergenic (Ysoshizami et al., 1990a,b), antitubercular (Dodia and Shah, 1999) and cardiovascular agents (Meo et al., 1949). Additionally, these kind of compounds have been reported to show selective glycine site antagonists related to several central nervous system disorders including stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease (Hwang, 2000; Mcleod et al., 1995; Carling et al., 1993a,b; Cai et al., 1996 ).

It has been impracticable to survey the literature of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones completely. At the same time, the results of work on the chemistry of different derivatives of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone are scattered over original papers, patents, and dissertations, unavailable to a wide circle of chemists. In the present review, I have thus chosen to summarize the most relevant advances in the construction of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone, without any substituents attached, reported in the literature. It is hoped that this review will demonstrate the synthetic potential of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone and generate some new ideas in this area.

2 Molecular structures and spectral properties

The structures of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone have been assigned by UV (Abe et al., 2006; Fadda et al., 1991; Priya et al., 2010 ), IR (Bhudevi et al., 2009; Zhang, 2008; Sicker et al., 1987; Gao, 2010; Jung et al., 2001; Shobana et al., 1989; Balasubramanian et al., 1993; Pandey et al., 1989; Franck, 1971; Sterk and Ziegler, 1967; Omori et al., 1970; Price and Willis, 1959; Szorcsik et al., 2006; Bunce and Nammalwar, 2010 ), MS (Arya and Agarwal, 2007; Priya et al., 2010; Bhudevi et al., 2009; Zhang, 2008; Sicker et al., 1987; Hebanowska et al., 1986 ), fluorescence (Fabian, 1978) and NMR spectroscopy (Bessonova, 2000; Cheng et al., 2011; Ruano et al., 1991; Osborne et al., 1993; Ukrainets et al., 2006; Sterk and Holzer, 1974; Clarke, 1997 ). The ultraviolet spectrum of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone revealed two intense bands in methanol at 269 and 314 nm (Priya et al., 2010). The analysis of IR spectrum of it showed characteristic bands in Nujol mull at 3360 cm⁻¹ (OH), 1657 (C⚌O), and 1508 (C⚌C, arom.) Bunce and Nammalwar, 2010.

The proton NMR spectrum of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone Ukrainets et al., 2006 revealed that only one signal is observed as a singlet at 5.77 ppm, typical chemical shift for hydrogens on non-aromatic double bonds and no other signal is observed with the exception of the four aromatic hydrogens (H-5, H-6, H-7, H-8). It shows two complex multiplets, of equal intensity, at 7.51 and 7.83 ppm due to the C-5 and C-6 protons, and two others at 7.16 and 7.30 ppm for the C-7 and C-8 protons, respectively. Also, the OH and NH signals appeared at 12.90 and 11.18 ppm, respectively.

A ¹³C NMR study (Priya et al., 2010) of the 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone (Table 1) indicated that the C-2, C-4 and C-9 carbons resonate downfield, compared to the other carbons. Splitting pattern analysis showed the signal of the C-2 atom to be doublet due to its interaction with the only proton at position 3. The signals of C-4 are multiplets (doublets of doublets) due to splitting of H-3 and H-5 atoms.

Table 1 ¹³C NMR spectra [39] of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone (solvent, DMSO-d₆, chemical shifts are given in Hz).

C-2	C-3	C-4	C-5	C-6	C-7	C-8	C-9	C-10
163.57,d	98.18,d	162.43,dd	121.04,dd	114.95,dd	130.82,dd	115.10,dd	115.10,dd 139.13,dd	122.62,dd

3 Tautomeric structure(s)

4-Hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone can theortically exist in five possible tautomeric forms 1 A–E (Fig. 1). However, in practice, the tautomerism is reduced to forms 1 A–C. These three possible prototropic transformations have been intensively examined by various chemical reactivity, spectral, thermochemical, and computational methods (Ruano et al., 1991; Coppola et al., 1981; Elguero et al., 1976; Johnson, 1984 ). Additional studies by quantum chemical calculations using the LCAO-MO method in the CNDO/2 approximation showed that the dihydroxy tautomer 1c is predicted to be slightly more stable (Hebanowska et al., 1986). The experimentally found predominance of both quinolone tautomers 1A and 1B in solution is explained by self-association in the latter case that stabilizes the oxo forms.

Possible tautomeric structures of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 (A-E).

4 Chemical reactivity

It is evident from the topography of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone (Fig. 2) that it possesses both electrophilic and nucleophilic properties. The third position in the 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone ring is highly activated, because of the influence of the hydroxyl group with electron-donating properties and electron-withdrawing effects of carbonyl oxygen atom at the second place. There is a conjugation of p-electrons from the double bond and lone p-electron pairs from oxygen atom. These factors make the third position in the quinolone ring very convenient for many reactions. Thus reactions like coupling and halogenation reactions have taken place readily at such carbon. Recently Michael type addition was also described. The oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group however remains the main site for attack by acylating and alkylating agents. It seemed that hard nucleophiles attack preferentially oxygen atom and somewhat nitrogen atom, while the soft ones attack preferentially the carbon atom (Fig. 2).

Chemical reactivity of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone.

5 Synthesis

5.1

5.1 The biosynthetic pathway

Biosynthesis of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 involves benzalacetone synthase from Rheum palmatum efficiently catalyzed the condensation of anthraniloyl-CoA 2 with malonyl-CoA 3 to produce 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1, a novel alkaloidal scaffold produced by a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) Abe et al., 2006 (Scheme 1).

5.2

5.2 The chemical synthetic pathway

There are several methods for the synthesis of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone in the literature. Most of them are not general and often involve many steps with low yields. This is probably the reason for the limited number of references in the literature regarding their reactivity. The following are some of the methods which have been used to prepare 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone.

5.2.1

5.2.1 Using 2-aminoacetophenone

The reaction of 2-aminoacetophenone 4 with acylating agents 5 such as phosgene, dimethylcarbonate, or diethylcarbonate in the presence of stoichiometric amount of base in anhydrous toluene afforded 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 in variable yields (Scheme 2). It was found that sodium hydride was a more effective base than sodium ethoxide (Jung et al., 2001).

5.2.2

5.2.2 Using aniline

Condensation of aniline 6 with malonic acid 7 in the presence of a mixture of anhydrous zinc chloride and phosphorus oxychloride as the condensing agent furnished 1 (Seman et al., 1997, 1998; Boteva et al., 2007, 2008; Yang, 1998a ) (Scheme 3). This environmentally unacceptable procedure suffers from many disadvantages like long reaction period, use of dehydrating agents (ZnCl₂) and hazardous reagent (POCl₃). Recently, it was found that, the yield was improved to be carried out under microwave condensation in the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide, which acts as an energy transfer agent and homogenizer to increase the reaction (Arya and Agarwal, 2007; Ahmed et al., 2010; Ahmed et al., 2011 ).

5.2.3

5.2.3 Using phenyl malonamides

Intramolecular cyclization of malonic acid monophenyl amide 8 to form 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 is a convenient procedure; the crucial problem to be solved is to reduce or eliminate the decarboxylation of the intermediates. Thus, Eaton’s reagent (phosphoric anhydride and methyl sulfonic acid) (Gao, 2010; Im et al., 2009) or polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (Pandey et al., 1989; Patel and Mehta, 1960, 1961 ) was chosen as cyclization reagents in mild reaction condition (Scheme 4).

The synthesis of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 is also observed via cyclization of N,N⁻-diphenyl malonamide 9 in the presence of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) at 140–150 °C (Scheme 5) (Shobana et al., 1989; Cheng et al., 2011; Balasubramanian et al., 1996; Subramanian et al., 1992 ).

5.2.4

5.2.4 Using cleavage of 4-allyl quinoloneyl ether

Shobana et al. have described an efficient procedure for the synthesis of 1 via the cleavage of 4-allyl quinoloneyl ether (Shobana and Shanmugam, 1986) or quinoloneyl ethyl carbonate (Shobana et al., 1988) using a catalytic amount of hydrogen sodium telluride in acetic acid and ethanol (Scheme 6).

5.2.5

5.2.5 Hydrolysis and decarboxylation of 3-carbethoxy-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone

Short term (30 min) boiling of the ethyl ester of 4-morpholino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 11 in concentrated hydrochloric acid afforded 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 Ukrainets et al., 2006 (Scheme 7).

In a similar manner, the base-catalyzed hydrolysis and decarboxylation of ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one-3-carboxylate 12 in aqueous potassium hydroxide furnished 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one 1 Koller, 1927 (Scheme 8).

5.2.6

5.2.6 Reduction cyclization

The reduction of ethyl 3-(2-nitrophenyl)-3-oxopropanoate 13 with hydrazine hydrate and 10% Pd/C in ethanol at 23 °C and subsequent cyclization lead to the formation of 1 in 86% yield (Scheme 9) Bunce and Nammalwar, 2010. Also, this reduction can be successfully carried out by means of hydrogen in the presence of platinum black catalyst (Sicker et al., 1987).

Huntress and Bornstein (1949), claimed that the reaction of N-chloroacetylisatin 14 with alkali gives 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 (Scheme 10).

5.2.7

5.2.7 Using oxazoloquinolone

Aminolysis of oxazoloquinolone 15 with aniline 6 under heating in acetone for two hours gave 4-hydroxyquinolone 1 in 83% yield (El-Nabi, 1997) (Scheme 11).

Similarly, oxazoloquinolone 15 was easily hydrolyzed by a mixture of acetone/water at room temperature to give 4-hydroxyquinolone 1 in 90% yield (El-Nabi, 1997) (Scheme 12).

5.2.8

5.2.8 Hydrolysis of 2-amino-4-hydroxyquinoline

4-Amino-2-hydroxyquinoline 16 on heating with aqueous potassium hydroxide was smoothly hydrolyzed and converted into 4-hydroxyquinolone 1 (Hardman and Partridge, 1958) (Scheme 13).

6 Reactions

6.1

6.1 Reactions involving cleavage of lactam ring

Reaction of 1 with two equivalents of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) in methanol at room temperature afforded methyl-N-(2-methoxycarbonylphenyl)oxalamate 17 as the sole product in 94% yield (Ye et al., 1999) (Scheme 14).

6.2

6.2 Reactions involving carbon–carbon bond formation

6.2.1

6.2.1 C-C Bond formation

6.2.1.1

6.2.1.1 C₃-Allyation reaction

The allyation of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 is an important strategy for the formation of C–C bonds in organic synthesis. Recently, considerable interest has been focused on the allyation of 1 using alcohols as electrophiles, since it offers several potential advantages, such as the wide availability of the starting materials and the generation of water as the only side product. Such strategy has been elegantly applied to the synthesis of allyl and benzyl-substituted 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone compounds.

Activator-free and one-pot C-allylation of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 by simple palladium catalyst in water is now a well-documented process (Gan et al., 2008; Shue and Yang, 2012). Palladium-catalyzed allyation of 1 using cinnamyl alcohol directly gave the corresponding mono- and diallylated products 18, 19 (Scheme 15).

The allylation of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with prenyl bromide 20 in aqueous sodium hydroxide (Shobana et al., 1989) or aqueous lithium hydroxide (Ahmed et al., 2010) afforded only diprenylated quinolone 21 (Scheme 16).

However, Ahmed et al. investigated that the same reaction afforded natural product 3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) quinolin-2-ol 22 when carried out with dimethylformide in the presence of potassium carbonate at 60 °C (Ahmed et al., 2010) (Scheme 17).

Bis-C-allylated of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 25 was produced in 3-component cascade reaction involving aryliodides 24, 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1, and allene 23 using tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium, tris(2-furyl)-phosphine as catalyst with potassium carbonate in DMF at 60 °C for 20 h. (Grigg et al., 2004) (Scheme 18).

6.2.1.2

6.2.1.2 C3-Benzylation

Iridium catalyzed alkylation of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with benzyl alcohol 26 under solvent free thermal condition afforded the corresponding 3-benzyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one 27 Grigg et al., 2009 (Scheme 19).

6.2.1.3

6.2.1.3 Propargylation and allenylation

Propargylation of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with propargyl bromide 28 in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate, under reflux conditions for 12 h in acetone, afforded a mixture of O,O-dialkylated quinolone 30, and C,C,O-trialkylated quinolone 31 (Majumdar and Choudhury, 1087) (Scheme 20).

6.2.1.4

6.2.1.4 Olefination

One of the most successful strategies for constructing 3-benzylidene quinolone in only one diastereoisomeric form (Z) is the Knovenagel condensation. Heterocondensation reaction between 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 and benzaldehyde 31 in pyridine (Refouvelet et al., 2004) under gave (Z)-2,4-dihydro-3-benzylidenquinolin-2,4-dione 32 (Scheme 21).

Michael addition of 1 with the sodium salt of 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate 32 in alcoholic sodium hydroxide at 40 °C by crushing in a mortar or traditional heating gave 3-(3-hydroxy-4-oxonaphthalen-1-ylidene)quinoline-2,4-dione 33 (Villemin et al., 2010) (Scheme 22).

6.2.1.5

6.2.1.5 Synthesis of enaminones

The reaction of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with trimethyl orthoformate 34 and anilines 35 afforded the corresponding 3-arylaminomethylenquinolin-2,4-diones 36 (Chilin et al., 2009; Trathnigg et al., 1984; Fiala and Stadlbauer, 1993 ) (Scheme 23).

6.3

6.3 Reactions involving carbon-heteroatom bond formation

6.3.1

6.3.1 C–N Bond formation

6.3.1.1

6.3.1.1 Coupling reactions

3-(2-Phenylhydrazono)quinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione 38 was prepared by coupling of basic solution (sodium acetate) of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with diazotized aniline 37 (Manvar et al., 2011, 2013) (Scheme 24).

6.3.1.2

6.3.1.2 Nitration reaction

Nitration of 1 with neat nitric acid or a mixture of glacial acetic acid and concentrated nitric acid afforded 4-hydroxy-3-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one 39 Dolle et al., 1995; Audisio et al., 2011; Buckle et al., 1975; Cai et al., 1996; Shukla et al., 2010 (Scheme 25).

In contrast, Oeveren et al. Oeveren et al. (2007) observed that the nitration of 1 in the presence of a solution of nitric acid and sulfuric acid at 0 °C was successful at the 6-position and afforded 4-hydroxy-6-nitro-quinolin-2-(1H)-one 40 (Scheme 26).

6.3.1.3

6.3.1.3 Formation of substituted amine (Amination)

A simple and facile amination of 1 with equimolar amounts of aniline (neat) or p-anisidine (in Ph₂O) afforded 4-anilino-2-quinolinone 41a or 4-methoxy derivative 41b, respectively (Chen et al., 2004) (Scheme 27).

Stadlbauer and Kappe described the condensation of 1 with phenylmethanamine 42 in various solvents under reflux condition which gave the 4-(phenylamino)quinolin-2(1H)-one 43 Stadlbauer and Kappe, 1981 (Scheme 28).

6.3.1.4

6.3.1.4 Formation of azide

The formation of 3-diazo-1H-quinolin-2,4-dione 45 is observed when 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 is reacted with mesyl azide 44 in ethanol in the presence of triethyl amine (Pirrung and Blume, 1999) (Scheme 29).

Aizikovich et al. demonstrated a new application of diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) as a reagent for the transformation of 1 into its corresponding azide 46 (Aizikovich et al., 2004) (Scheme 30).

6.3.1.5

6.3.1.5 Formation of oxime

The main method for the synthesis of the quinolone oxime 47 is based on the reaction of sodium nitrite with 1 in the presence of acetic acid (Brown et al., 1954; Cai et al., 1996), or hydrogen chloride (Fadda et al., 1991) (Scheme 31).

6.3.2

6.3.2 C–S Bond formation

6.3.2.1

6.3.2.1 Sulfides (Thioethers) formation

Treatment of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with diaryl disulfides 48 in dimethylformide in the presence of potassium carbonate yielded 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenylthio)-2(1H)-quinolone 49 Yadav et al., 2007 (Scheme 32).

6.3.2.2

6.3.2.2 Thionation reaction

4-Hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinone 1 reacts with dimethylsulfoxide 50 in acetic anhydride at 100 °C to afford 3-dimethylsulfonioquinoline-2,4-dionate 51 as the main product (Khan and Shoeb, 1985; Kappe et al., 1983) (Scheme 33).

6.3.3

6.3.3 C–O Bond formation

6.3.3.1

6.3.3.1 Esterification

The direct esterfication of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with acetic anhydride 52 using triethylamine (Selig and Bach, 2008), pyridine (Brown et al., 1954; Ashley et al., 1930), or acetic acid (Priya et al., 2010) afforded 4-acetoxyquinolin-2-one 53 in good yield (Scheme 34).

In addition, the base catalyzed O-acylation of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with various acyl chlorides 54 in the presence of pyridine at ambient temperature afforded the corresponding esters 55 (Stadlbauer and Kappe, 1981; Sun et al., 2013) (Scheme 35).

Im et al. noted that the esterification of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with 2-furoyl chloride 56 in pyridine and dichloromethane afforded 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-4-yl-furan-2-carboxylate 57 as human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors (Im et al., 2009) (Scheme 36).

6.3.3.2

6.3.3.2 O-Alkylation reaction

The highly regioselective O-alkylation reaction of 1 with alkyl iodides, benzyl bromides and allyl bromides in the presence of silver carbonate (Morel et al., 2005) or potassium carbonate (Ahmed et al., 2010; Cravotto et al., 2004) afforded 2,4-dialkoxyquinolines 58 in moderate to excellent yields. (Scheme 37).

O-methylation of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 is readily performed upon treatment of it with dimethyl sulfate in the presence of anhydrous silver carbonate in acetone (Chen et al., 2004) or sodium hydroxide in methanol (Reisch and Mester, 1980) to give 4-methoxyquinolone 59 (Scheme 38). However, it was reported that this reaction gave a mixture of 4-methoxyquinolone 59 and l-methyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolon 60 (Lamberton, 1953).

Morel and coworkers showed that the reaction of 1 with methyl iodide 61 and silver carbonate in boiling benzene afforded 2,4-dimethoxyquinoline 62 as the only product (Bodendiek et al., 2009). However, Morel et al. (2005) observed that this reaction when carried in the presence of potassium hydroxide in boiling acetone gave a mixture of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 63, 1,3-dimethyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone 64, and l-methyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone 65. Also, by-product 2,4-dimethoxy quinoline 62 was identified (Morel et al., 2005) (Scheme 39).

4-Allyloxyquinolone 67 was obtained by the reaction of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with allylic bromide 66 and silver carbonate in benzene for 72 h at room temperature (Guo et al., 2009) (Scheme 40).

Acylation of 4-hydroxyquinolin-2-(1H)-one 1 with undec-10-enoyl chloride 68 afforded 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-4-ylundec-10-enoate 69 (Cravotto et al., 2006) (Scheme 41).

Heating 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with various substituted benzyl chlorides 70 in acetone (Chen et al., 2005) or dimethylformide (Chen et al., 2004; Deng et al., 2010; Ahvale et al., 2008 ) containing anhydrous potassium carbonate afforded 4-alkoxy quinolinones 71 (Scheme 42).

6-[3-(1-Cyclohexyl-5-tetrazolyl)propoxy]-1,2-dihydro-2-oxoquinoline 73 was prepared by the reaction of 5(ω-chloroalkyl)-tetrazole 72 and 1 in the presence of a base (Nishi et al., 1983) (Scheme 43). This compound was found to have potent inhibitory activity toward collagen- and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregation of rabbit blood platelets in vitro.

6.3.3.3

6.3.3.3 Glucosylation reaction

Selective glucosylation of 1 into 4-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)quinoline-2(1H)-one was proceeded via treatment of 1 with tetra-acetobromo-α-d-glucose 74 in combination with cesium carbonate in acetonitrile at room temperature to give 4-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-quinolin-2(1H)-one 75 in 74% yield (Kimmel et al., 2010) (Scheme 44).

6.3.3.4

6.3.3.4 Hetero ether formation

6.3.3.4.1

6.3.3.4.1 Sulfonate ether formation

Two groups have reported the one step formation of 4-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)-2(1H)-quinolone 77 via tosylation reaction of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with tosyl chloride 76 in pyridine and 4-(N,N-dimethlyamino)pyridine (Ahvale et al., 2008) or triethylamine in dichloromethane (Valente and Kirsch, 2011) at room temperature (Scheme 45).

Gogsig et al. tosylation reaction of 1 with tosyl chloride 76 in dichloromethane containing catalytic amount of triethylamine at room temperature afforded 2,4-ditosylated hydroxyquinoline 78 (Gogsig et al., 2009) (Scheme 46).

4-Trifluoromethylsulfonyloxyquinoline 80 was prepared through the treatment of 1 with phenyltrifluoromethane sulfonamide 79 and sodium hydride in anhydrous N,N-dimethyl-formamide at room temperature (Cacchi et al., 1997) (Scheme 47).

The synthesis of 2,4-ditrifluoromethylsulfonyloxyquinoline 82 was carried through treatment of 1 with triflic anhydride 83 under reflux in pyridine (Bissember and Banwell, 2009) (Scheme 48).

6.3.3.4.2

6.3.3.4.2 Phosphorylation reaction

A series of new piperazine phosphoramide derivatives of 4-hydroxyquinoline 85 were synthesized through a facile phosphorylating reaction starting from 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 and various phosphorylating agents 84 in the presence of triethylamine at room temperature (Chen et al., 2012) (Scheme 49).

6.3.4

6.3.4 Carbon−halogen bond formation

Halogenoheteroarenes are useful intermediates for the syntheses of bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical drugs.

6.3.4.1

6.3.4.1 Bromination

Bromination of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with bromine in formic acid (Osborne et al., 1993), acetic acid (Reisch et al., 1993; Nishimura et al., 2001), or phosphorus oxytribromide (Hardman and Partridge, 1955) yields 3,4-dibromo quinoline 86 (Scheme 50).

Gaston et al. (1985) have repeated this reaction in formic acid, but isolated only 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 87 (Scheme 51), the structure of which was firmly established by conversion into the known 3-bromo-2,4-dimethoxyquinoline which was identified by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.

6.3.4.2

6.3.4.2 Chlorination

Chlorination of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 with phosphorous oxychloride under reflux condition afforded 2,4-dichloroquinoline 88 in good yield (Scheme 52) ( Subramanian et al., 1992). Also, microwave-assisted reaction using chlorophosphonium salt was examined for this reaction, and it shortened the reaction time (5 min) as compared with a thermal reaction (Engen et al., 2010; Friedlaender and Weinberg, 1882; Baeyer and Bloem, 1882; Tanji et al., 1983; Takahashi et al., 1973 ).

While such a protocol may be adequate for small scale synthesis in a research laboratory, it becomes an environmental burden to deal with the excess POCl₃ in large scale preparations. Furthermore, even the process of quenching excess POCl₃ in large scale needs safety attention due to the potential for latent exothermic events.

Therefore, improvements in reducing the amount of POCl₃ used in large scale chlorination procedures would be welcomed for economic, environmental, and safety considerations. Wang et al recently reported (Wang et al., 2012) a protocol for large scale (milligram to kilogram batches). Chlorination of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone 1 using equimolar or less POCl₃ with heating in a sealed reactor under solvent-free conditions using one equivalent of pyridine as base.

6.3.4.3

6.3.4.3 Iodination

Iodination of 4-hydroxy-quinolin-2(1H)-one 1 with iodine in aqueous dioxane afforded 4-hydroxy-3-iodoquinolin-2(1H)-one 89 in 83% yield (Snider and Wu, 2006; Ziegler et al., 1963) (Scheme 53).

7 Conclusion

The literature survey presented herein indicates that the synthesis, tautomerism and chemical reactivity of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone as well as its reactions have attracted the interest of many research groups all over the world. This great interest of chemists in such compound is confirmed by the fact that 138 articles cited in this review are dated. Finally, I hope that this review serves as a stimulus for ongoing research in the area of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone chemistry.

Acknowledgements

Im very indebted to our capable and enthusiastic members and co-workers whose names appear in the list of references. The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, ASRT, Egypt is acknowledged for their continuous financial support.

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Introduction

Molecular structures and spectral properties

Tautomeric structure(s)

Chemical reactivity

Synthesis

The biosynthetic pathway
The chemical synthetic pathway

Reactions

Reactions involving cleavage of lactam ring
Reactions involving carbon–carbon bond formation
Reactions involving carbon-heteroatom bond formation

Conclusion

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Chemistry of 4-Hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone. Part 1: Synthesis and reactions

Abstract

Keywords

4-Hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone

Synthesis

Chemical reactivity

Tautomeric structure

Reactions

1 Introduction

2 Molecular structures and spectral properties

3 Tautomeric structure(s)

4 Chemical reactivity

5 Synthesis

5.1 The biosynthetic pathway

5.2 The chemical synthetic pathway

5.2.1 Using 2-aminoacetophenone

5.2.2 Using aniline

5.2.3 Using phenyl malonamides

5.2.4 Using cleavage of 4-allyl quinoloneyl ether

5.2.5 Hydrolysis and decarboxylation of 3-carbethoxy-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone

5.2.6 Reduction cyclization

5.2.7 Using oxazoloquinolone

5.2.8 Hydrolysis of 2-amino-4-hydroxyquinoline

6 Reactions

6.1 Reactions involving cleavage of lactam ring

6.2 Reactions involving carbon–carbon bond formation

6.2.1 C-C Bond formation

6.2.1.1 C3-Allyation reaction

6.2.1.2 C3-Benzylation

6.2.1.3 Propargylation and allenylation

6.2.1.4 Olefination

6.2.1.5 Synthesis of enaminones

6.3 Reactions involving carbon-heteroatom bond formation

6.3.1 C–N Bond formation

6.3.1.1 Coupling reactions

6.3.1.2 Nitration reaction

6.3.1.3 Formation of substituted amine (Amination)

6.3.1.4 Formation of azide

6.3.1.5 Formation of oxime

6.3.2 C–S Bond formation

6.3.2.1 Sulfides (Thioethers) formation

6.3.2.2 Thionation reaction

6.3.3 C–O Bond formation

6.3.3.1 Esterification

6.3.3.2 O-Alkylation reaction

6.3.3.3 Glucosylation reaction

6.3.3.4 Hetero ether formation

6.3.3.4.1 Sulfonate ether formation

6.3.3.4.2 Phosphorylation reaction

6.3.4 Carbon−halogen bond formation

6.3.4.1 Bromination

6.3.4.2 Chlorination

6.3.4.3 Iodination

7 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Suggested read for related articles:

6.2.1.1 C₃-Allyation reaction