Translate this page into:
Determination of residual solvents in docetaxel by headspace gas chromatography
⁎Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 1795 302018/302121. drrksingh@venusremedies.com (Rajkumar Singh)
-
Received: ,
Accepted: ,
This article was originally published by Elsevier and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Abstract
A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of heptane, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, methanol, 2-propanol, dichloromethane, toluene and pyridine in docetaxel. The separation was achieved on 60 m long DB-WAXETR Polyethylene glycol column, 0.250 mm in inner diameter and 0.25 μm in film thickness. The developed gas chromatographic method offers symmetric peak shape, good resolution and reasonable retention time for all the solvents. The limit of detection of methanol, acetone, iso-propanol, ethyl acetate, toluene, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine and heptane was found to be 0.027, 0.50, 0.12, 0.070, 0.070, 0.180, 0.040, 0.170 and 0.040, respectively. The linear regression equations obtained were heptane, A = −0.62 + 1.55 × 10−4; acetone = −1.49 + 7.07 × 10−5; tetrahydrofuran, A = −1.01 + 5.05 × 10−5; ethyl acetate, A = −2.87 + 1.08 × 10−4; methanol, A = 1.33 + 7.73 × 10−5; isopropanol = −2.07 + 1.60 × 10−4; dichloromethane, A = −3.93 + 3.06 × 10−4; toluene = −0.62 + 1.78 × 10−5; pyridine, A = −4.87 + 3.28 × 10−4.
Keywords
Gas chromatography
Docetaxel
Residual solvents
Headspace
1 Introduction
Analysis of a residual solvent in pharmaceuticals is an important issue because of the potential risk to human health from the toxicity of many of these solvents. The amount of such solvents is therefore limited by international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines (ICH guidelines, 1997). The international conference on harmonization recommends and limits the amount of residual solvents considered safe in pharmaceutically finished goods and for human use. The ICH has published guidelines and daily exposure limit of many solvents. It has classified these solvents in three categories depending upon their toxicity. Class I solvents are known human carcinogens and environmental hazards, the use of these solvents should be avoided if at all possible. Class II solvents are non-genotoxic animal carcinogens or possible causative agents of other irreversible toxicity such as neurotoxicity or teratogenicity. Use of these solvents should be limited. Class III solvents are solvents with low toxic potential to man; no health-based exposure limit is needed. In the pharmaceutical industries, all the pharmaceutical products must be analyzed for residual solvent content, regardless of the matrix.
Gas chromatography is generally used to determine residual solvents because of its excellent separation abilities and low limit of detection. In gas chromatography the sample is either dissolved in a suitable solvent than injected directly (DI) (Haky and Stickney, 1985; Smith and Waters, 1991) or by headspace sampling (Markovich et al., 1997; Ruchatz et al., 1996). Headspace sampling is preferred because of its ability to avoid direct liquid or solid probing. In the headspace sampling complex sample matrix in a solid or liquid sample matrix in liquid or solid sample can be simplified or even eliminated in its vapor phase (Zhu and Chai, 2005).
Docetaxel is an antineoplastic agent belonging to the taxoid family. Its preparation procedure is semi-synthetic, beginning with a precursor extracted from the renewable needle biomass of yew plants. The chemical name for docetaxel is (2R,3S)-N-carboxy-3-phenylisoserine, N-tert-butyl ester, 13-ester with 5β-20-epoxy-1, 2α, 4, 7β, 10β, 13α-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4-acetate 2-benzoate, trihydrate. It is highly lipophilic and practically insoluble in water (0.025 mg/L). The structural formula of docetaxel is shown in Fig. 1. Docetaxel is a member of taxane, a class of chemotherapy drug, and is a semi-synthetic equivalent of paclitaxel (Taxol), an extract from the rare Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia (Clarke and Rivory, 1999). Due to inadequacy of paclitaxel, wide-ranging research was carried out leading to the origination of docetaxel – an esterified product of 10-deacetyl baccatin III, which is extracted from the renewable and readily available European Yew tree.
Structure of docetaxel.
The taxanes exert their effect by binding to the β-subunit of tubulin promoting the polymerization of tubulin into stable microtubules and inhibiting de-polymerization. In addition to mitotic arrest, taxanes have been shown to induce cell death by apoptosis both in cell cultures and in vivo tumor system (Gueritte-Voegelein et al., 1991; Ringel and Horwitz, 1991). Studies have demonstrated that taxanes are extensively metabolized in the liver. Docetaxel has a high affinity for protein binding. The binding may be as high as >95%. Only the unbound fraction is clinically active. Docetaxel induced hematologic toxicity is significantly better correlated with systemic exposure to unbound drug than to exposure to total drug (Clarke and Rivory, 1999). Studies have shown that docetaxel is mainly bound to α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), lipoproteins and albumin. After a single administration, docetaxel is metabolized and excreted primarily through the feces via biliary excretion. Docetaxel promotes tubulin assembly into microtubules, stabilizes the microtubules and inhibits de-polymerization to free tubulin this leads to the formation of bundles of microtubules in the cell, thus blocking cells in the M-phase of the cell cycle and resulting in cell death.
Docetaxel is a clinically well-established anti mitotic chemotherapy medication used mainly for the management of ovarian, breast, and non-small cell lung cancer (Clarke and Rivory, 1999; Lyseng-Williamson and Fenton, 2005). Doxol#, a marketed formulation of docetaxel manufactured by Venus remedies limited, India has an approved claim for management of patients having advanced, or metastatic breast or non-small-cell lung cancer that have undergone anthracycline-based chemotherapy and failed to stop cancer progression or relapsed. Docetaxel is administered as a one-hour infusion once in three weeks which generally goes over a ten cycle course; docetaxel is considered better than doxorubicin, fluorouracil and paclitaxel as a cytotoxic antimicrotubule agent (Markovich et al., 1997).
The supplier claims to have nine (9) residual solvents in docetaxel namely heptane, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, methanol, 2-propanol, dichloromethane, toluene and pyridine. The class of each solvent along with their daily permissible exposure and their densities are mentioned in Table 1.
| S. No | Name of residual solvent in docetaxel | Class of solvent | Permissible daily exposure (PDE) (mg/day) | Density (kg/m3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Heptane | III | 50.0 | 684.00 |
| 2 | Acetone | III | 50.0 | 791.00 |
| 3 | Tetrahydrofuran | III | 7.2 | 889.20 |
| 4 | Ethyl acetate | III | 8.9 | 897.00 |
| 5 | Methanol | II | 30.0 | 791.80 |
| 6 | 2-Propanol | III | 50.0 | 786.00 |
| 7 | Dichloromethane | II | 6.0 | 1326.00 |
| 8 | Tolune | II | 8.9 | 866.90 |
| 9 | Pyridine | II | 2.0 | 981.90 |
The objective of this work is to develop and validate a new gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of heptane, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, methanol, 2-propanol, toluene and pyridine in docetaxel. These solvents should be estimated and checked so that they may not exceed the amount specified by the ICH guidelines.
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials and reagents
Docetaxel raw material was procured from Scino pharma Taiwan (ROC), n-heptane was obtained from Sigma (USA), while rest of the solvents namely methanol, acetone, isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, pyridine and N,N-dimethyl formamide were purchased from “Merck” Darmstadt, Germany.
2.2 General procedure
2.2.1 Gas chromatographic condition
A gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies 7890 A) equipped with FID (Flame ionization detectors) connected to Agilent G1888 Headspace sampler and a data processor Agilent technologies EZChrome Elite software version 3.2.1 was employed. Under the standard conditions, a 60 m long DB-WAXETR Polyethylene glycol column, 0.250 mm in inner diameter and 0.25 μm in film thickness (manufactured by J & W Scientific, Agilent Technologies, USA) was used. Both the injection ports were heated at 250 °C while the temperature of detector was maintained at 270 °C. Nitrogen, the carrier gas was allowed to flow at a rate of 1.5 ml per minute. The supply of the Hydrogen gas and air to the detector was 40 and 400 ml−1, respectively. The sample was introduced in the column in a split mode with split ratio, 20:1. The column temperature was kept at 40 °C for 5 min followed with an increase in the temperature at a rate of 10 °C per minute to 240 °C this temperature was held up to 5 min. The column was then cooled down to the original temperature of 40 °C so that one analysis was terminated in 30 min of injection. The temperature of the detector was set at 270 °C. The detailed GC, head space, detector and the oven conditions are mentioned in Table 2.
| GC condition | Head space condition | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Injector temperature | 250 °C | Vial temperature | 100 °C |
| Carrier gas (N2) | 1.5 ml/min | Loop temperature | 110 °C |
| Run time | 30 min | Transfer line temperature | 120 °C |
| Split ratio | 20 | Vial equilibration time | 20 min |
| Vial pressurize time | 2.0 min | ||
| Detector (FID) condition | Loop fill time | 1.0 min | |
| Detector temperature | 270 °C | Loop equilibration time | 0.5 min |
| Hydrogen flow | 40 ml/min | Injection time | 0.2 min |
| Air flow | 400 ml/min | GC cycling time | 45 min |
| Make up flow (N2) | 25 ml/min | ||
| Oven condition | |||
| Increasing rate (°C/min) | Temperature (°C) | Holding time (min) | |
| − | 40 | 5 | |
| 10 | 240 | 5 | |
2.2.2 Standard and sample preparation
Solution A: Accurately weighed 500 mg of ethyl acetate, 500 mg of isopropanol, 500 mg of acetone, 300 mg of dichloromethane, 445 mg of toluene, 360 mg of tetrahydrofuran and 500 mg of methanol, were added into a 50 ml volumetric flask containing about 30 ml of dimethylformamide. Make up to volume with dimethylformamide and mix.
Solution B: Accurately weigh approximately 200 mg of pyridine into a 100 ml volumetric flask containing approximately 50 ml of dimethylformamide. Make up to volume with dimethylformamide and mix.
Solution C: Accurately weigh approximately 100 mg of heptane into a 50 ml volumetric flask containing approximately 30 ml of dimethylformamide. Make up to the required volume with dimethylformamide and mix.
Reference solution: Pipette 1 ml of solution A, 5 ml of solution B and 1 ml of solution C into a 100 ml volumetric flask containing approximately 50 ml of dimethylformamide. Make up to the required volume with dimethylformamide and mix. Pipette 2 ml of this solution into 20 ml headspace GC vial and seal vial properly fitted with a septum and crimp cap. This should be repeated 6 times.
This reference solution contains about 100 ppm of methanol, 100 ppm of acetone, 100 ppm of isopropanol, 100 ppm of ethyl acetate, 90 ppm of toluene, 60 ppm of dichloromethane, 72 ppm of tetrahydofuran, 200 ppm of pyridine and 20 ppm of heptane. This solution was diluted for further studies as required. Dimethylformamide was used as blank.
2.2.3 Sample preparation
Weigh accurately 100.0 mg of docetaxel anhydrous into an Agilent technologies manufactured 20 ml flat bottom headspace GC vials; add 2 ml of dimethylformamide fitted with a septum and crimp cap, and seal.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Method development and validation
3.1.1 System suitability
System performance parameters of the developed GC method were determined by analyzing Reference solution. Chromatographic parameters, such as number of theoretical plates (N), asymmetry (As) and Resolution were determined. The results are within the specifications, indicating the good performance of the system. System repeatability was determined by five replicate injections of the reference solution, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) of peak area of the solvents were calculated to evaluate the repeatability. The average of six replicate injections of the reference shows that asymmetry of the solvents namely heptane, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, methanol, 2-propanol, dichloromethane, toluene and pyridine was found to be 1.14, 1.13, 1.09, 1.04, 1.20, 1.11, 1.05, 1.03, 1.11, respectively. The % RSD of each solvent was found to be 1.96, 2.59, 2.31, 2.57, 3.33, 3.83, 2.66, 3.59, and 5.13, respectively, which is within the ICH permissible limit of 10%. The blank chromatogram is shown in Fig. 2 and a typical chromatogram showing all the nine residual solvents is shown in Fig. 3.
Blank chromatogram containing dimethylformamide.
Chromatogram of the residual solvents in reference solution.
3.1.2 Linearity
The linearity of the relationship between the peak area and the concentration in ppm evaluated for all the residual solvents mentioned in the present study were investigated by linear regression. The linear range investigated for each solvent is mentioned in Table 3. It was found that the correlation coefficient for the solvents ranged from 0.9915 to 0.9991. The linearity range investigated was 25–150 ppm for methanol, acetone, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, 15–100 ppm for dichloromethane, 18–108 ppm for THF, 50–300 ppm for Pyridine, 5–30 ppm for heptane, 22.5–135 ppm for Toluene.
| S. No | Solvent | Slope | Intercept | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Heptane | 1.55 × 10−5 | −0.6240 | 0.9984 |
| 2 | Acetone | 7.07 × 10−5 | −1.4903 | 0.9984 |
| 3 | Tetrahydrofuran | 5.05 × 10−5 | −1.0143 | 0.9984 |
| 4 | Ethyl acetate | 1.08 × 10−4 | −2.8673 | 0.9985 |
| 5 | Methanol | 7.73 × 10−5 | 1.3326 | 0.9991 |
| 6 | Isopropanol | 1.60 × 10−4 | −2.0783 | 0.9982 |
| 7 | Dichloromethane | 3.06 × 10−4 | −3.9300 | 0.9916 |
| 8 | Tolune | 1.78 × 10−5 | −0.6240 | 0.9984 |
| 9 | Pyridine | 3.28 × 10−4 | −4.8652 | 0.9922 |
3.1.3 Accuracy and precision
The two terms i.e. accuracy and precision are co-related to each other, where, accuracy is the difference between the true value and the observed value. The two terms are so much co-related that accuracy without the precision has a limited significance. Accuracy and precision were determined by applying the developed method in which known amount of each solvent corresponding to 50%, 100% and 150% of reference solution had been spiked. The accuracy was then calculated as the percentage of analyte recovered. From the result it is evident that the recovery of each solvent in spiked samples ranged from 99.89% to 103.54%. Mean recoveries (mean ± S.D.) for docetaxel are shown in (Table 4) indicating good accuracy of the method for simultaneous determination of the residual solvents in docetaxel. The precision of an analytical procedure expresses the closeness of agreement (degree of scatter) between a series of measurements obtained from multiple sampling of the same homogeneous sample under the prescribed conditions. Precisions may be considered at three levels: repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility. The precision of an analytical procedure is usually expressed as the variance, standard deviation or coefficient of variation of a series of measurements. Method precision shall be established by determining the assay in six different preparations of a reference solution. Intermediate precision shall be determined by studying the variation in assay of a homogeneous sample analyzed by 02 different equipment, analyst and days. The average, standard deviation and relative standard deviation shall be calculated. The results for method and intermediate precision are found to be under acceptable limit for each residual solvent as revealed by relative standard deviation data (RSD <5.0% for the solvents).
| Solvent | Spiked level | Recoverya % | RSD % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methanol | 1 | 103.11 | 0.35 |
| 2 | 102.69 | ||
| 3 | 103.41 | ||
| Acetone | 1 | 99.89 | 1.13 |
| 2 | 102.12 | ||
| 3 | 100.59 | ||
| 2-propanol | 1 | 102.36 | 0.57 |
| 2 | 103.54 | ||
| 3 | 102.89 | ||
| Ethyl acetate | 1 | 102.36 | 0.94 |
| 2 | 100.89 | ||
| 3 | 100.58 | ||
| Dichloromethane | 1 | 102.21 | 0.64 |
| 2 | 101.89 | ||
| 3 | 100.96 | ||
| Tetrahydrofuran | 1 | 100.26 | 0.71 |
| 2 | 101.26 | ||
| 3 | 99.89 | ||
| Pyridine | 1 | 99.99 | 1.03 |
| 2 | 102.01 | ||
| 3 | 100.57 | ||
| Heptane | 1 | 100.52 | 0.58 |
| 2 | 101.69 | ||
| 3 | 101.1 | ||
| Tolune | 1 | 100.82 | 0.13 |
| 2 | 100.74 | ||
| 3 | 100.57 | ||
Recovery of the individual solvents was calculated using the following formula
3.1.4 Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation
The limit of detection of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample, which can be detected but not necessarily quantitated as an exact amount. While the limit of quantitation is the minimum level of concentration at which the analyte can be quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy. LOD and LOQ were calculated using the signal to noise ratio (S/N) method. For this a solution was prepared containing 2 ppm of methanol, 2 ppm of acetone, 2 ppm of isopropanol, 2 ppm of ethyl acetate, 1.78 ppm of toluene, 1.2 ppm of dichloromethane, 1.44 ppm of tetrahydrofuran, 2 ppm of pyridine and 0.4 ppm of heptane. Six replicate solutions were injected into the chromatograph and recorded. Similarly, six replicates of the blank solutions were injected and peak-to-peak noises around the retention time of each solvent were measured and subsequently signal to noise ratio calculated.
The LOD and LOQ were calculated using the following equations where,
TC = Concentration of solvent
S = Average signal of solvent in the test solution
N = Average noise of blank solution (at the same retention time of the solvent)
TC = Concentration of solvent
S = Average signal of solvent in the test solution
N = Average noise of blank solution (at the same retention time of the solvent)
| S. No | Solvents | Retention time | Limit of detection | Limit of quantitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Heptane | 4.746 | 0.040 | 0.110 |
| 2 | Acetone | 6.143 | 0.050 | 0.140 |
| 3 | Tetrahydrofuran | 6.882 | 0.040 | 0.120 |
| 4 | Ethyl acetate | 7.405 | 0.070 | 0.220 |
| 5 | Methanol | 7.617 | 0.027 | 0.820 |
| 6 | Isopropanol | 8.231 | 0.120 | 0.360 |
| 7 | Dichloromethane | 8.402 | 0.180 | 0.560 |
| 8 | Tolune | 10.749 | 0.070 | 0.200 |
| 9 | Pyridine | 13.607 | 0.170 | 0.500 |
3.1.5 Robustness and ruggedness
In all the small deliberate variation in the chromatographic conditions such as change in column flow, increase or decrease in vial equilibrium time, variation of vial temperature and different column (manufactured by the same manufacturer but different batch number) was observed. The results obtained show that the % RSD for the decrease in vial equilibrium ranged between 1.04% and 5.32%, increase in the vial equilibrium time ranged from 1.85% to 3.06%, increase in flow rate from 1.43% to 5.13%, decrease in flow rate 2.84% to 7.04%, increase in vial temperature 0.23% to 2.92%, increase in vial temperature from 1.23% to 2.49%, and with different column the RSD of the analyses ranged from 2.13% to 5.03%. The results were found to be satisfactory and within the acceptable limits. The ruggedness of the method was checked by performing a similar analysis using a different analyst. The ruggedness tests were performed for three days using different analyst. The RSD range obtained for the three consecutive days was in the range of 2.02% to 6.95%, 3.03% to 6.93% and 3.24% to 6.74%, respectively.
4 Conclusion
The developed GC method with FID detector offers simplicity, selectivity, precision and accuracy. It produces symmetric peak shape and reasonable retention time for various solvents. It can be seen from the chromatogram that all the solvents were eluted before fifteen minutes of injection of sample. It can be used for the determination of residual solvents in docetaxel active pharmaceutical ingredients, in the pharmaceutical companies and research laboratories.
Acknowledgements
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research, College of Science Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for supporting this project.
References
- Clin. Pharmacokinet.. 1999;36:99-114.
- J. Med. Chem.. 1991;34:992-998.
- J. Chromatogr.. 1985;321:137-144.
- ICH guidelines for residual solvents Q3 Step 4, 1997.
- Drugs. 2005;65:2513-2531.
- J. Chromatogr. Sci.. 1997;35:584-592.
- J. Natl. Cancer Inst.. 1991;83:288-291.
- Int. J. Pharm.. 1996;142:67-73.
- Analyst. 1991;116:1327-1331.
- Curr. Anal. Chem.. 2005;1:79-83.