Translate this page into:
Fabrication of renewable palm-pruning leaves based nano-composite for remediation of heavy metals pollution
⁎Corresponding author. mhabila@ksu.edu.sa (Mohamed A. Habila)
-
Received: ,
Accepted: ,
This article was originally published by Elsevier and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Abstract
The palm-pruning leaves considered as valuable source for low cost adsorbent materials. Such application, enhance the environmental conditions by reducing the bad effects from un-managed palm-pruning leaves such as spreading insects. Herein, the palm-pruning leaves were treated with by water and acid washing to produce cleaned palm leaves (CPL) and then impregnation with iron(III) chloride and thermally treated to produce palm leaves/iron oxide- nanocomposite (PL/IO-NC). The prepared materials were applied for adsorption of some toxic metal ions from solutions. The original palm-pruning leaves as well as the treated adsorbent were characterized by SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD. Results showed the formation of spots iron oxide nanoparticles onto the palm-pruning leaves. The efficiency of the treated adsorbent for uptake of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) was studied in term of kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic to optimize and evaluate the effectiveness of the palm-pruning leaves treatment. The adsorption data was found to be more comfortable with Second order kinetic-model while the isotherm of Langmuir wasn’t suitable and the adsorption data was in agreement with Freundlich assumption. The values of ΔG° in the range (−5.8 to −3.5 kJ/mol) for Mn(II), (−4.2 to −2.1 kJ/mol) for Co(II), (−3.4 to −2.3 kJ/mol) for Pb(II), confirm the confirm the spontaneous and physical nature of the adsorption process.
Keywords
Palm-pruning leaves
Nano composite
Manganese
Cobalt
Lead
ICPMS
1 Introduction
The pollution of water surfaces with traces of heavy metals has been reported as serious environmental problem facing all countries (Chandra et al., 2009; Demirbas, 2008; Xu et al., 2018). The contamination of toxic metals may occur due to mining activities, natural erosion from rocks and some industrial processes related to metals. The stability of heavy metals under various environmental condition leads to difficulty of their management and treatment during water purification processes(Moreno-Piraján et al., 2011; Vardhan et al., 2019). One of the greatest challenges facing humanity today is to provide clean, pollution-free water of heavy metal ions that are the most common pollutants in the environment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), heavy metal ions pose serious health implications for vital organs of humans and animals when consumed above certain threshold concentrations (Drahansky et al., 2016; Masindi and Muedi, 2018; Membrane, 2013; Tchounwou et al., 2012). Cobalt (Co) is part of many human activities, and its compounds are widely distributed in nature. Excessive exposure leads to various adverse health effects. However, cobalt is an essential trace element for human body and can exist in organic or inorganic form. In its organic form, cobalt constitutes an integral part of vitamin B12, contributing in synthesis of amino acids and neurotransmitters. The inorganic forms are toxic and their toxicity increases with time they stay in the body (Lauwerys and Lison, 1994; Leyssens et al., 2017). Lead (II) known as a carcinogenic ion that affects the respiratory and digestive systems and destroys the immune system. Moreover, this ion can severely damage the intelligence and nervous systems of children (Abdel-Galil et al., 2016; Baysal et al., 2011; Safety and Health Topics, n.d.). Manganese is an essential and important element in human life. The excessive-exposure to metal leads to health retardation, and this depend on the city Geographic location as well as the age of the patient. In addition, the excessive exposure may leads to noticeable effects in the central nervous system (Aschner et al., 2006; Babadi et al., 2013). The removal of such pollutants in an effective, safe and economic techniques from water and wastewater is, thus, ecologically very important. The methods for water treatment for heavy metals control including precipitation, coagulation, and adsorption (Hasanzadeh et al., 2017; Nekouei et al., 2019; Pandey et al., 2017; Son et al., 2018). The treatment by adsorption is the most effective, especially, when applying the nanomaterial with different functional groups and having magnetic properties (Cheng et al., 2019; Qiu et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019).
Agricultural byproduct, especially, with cellulosic structure are classified as high valuable source for preparation of adsorbents. Their presence with huge amount without treatment or safe disposal leads to spreading of flies and insects, causing negative impacts to the environment, however, the suitable recycling in to useful materials improve the environment and economy (Phinichka and Kaenthong, 2018; Sulyman et al., 2017; Uddin et al., 2010; Valdebenito et al., 2018). Othman et al. (2011) have utilized the plant waste of Tamrix articulata for chemical modification to increase their carboxyl content and report high adsorption capacity for cadmium removal. In another application to improve the adsorption efficiency of Zizyphus vulgaris and use them for removal of zinc ions from water, carboxylic groups are created (Al Othman et al., 2013). Qiu et al., added iron oxide nanoparticles into polystyrene polymer (Qiu et al., 2012). This combination leads to noticeable enhancement for adsorption of heavy metals ions, and recorded that iron oxide usually stabilized by organic ligand, which act as counter-ion ligands. At the same time, this combination is controlled by the nature of the surface as well as the surface functional groups of the materials. The introduction of iron oxide nanoparticles into various adsorbent have been reported by Krishna et al., who use L-lysine amino acid to fabricate iron oxide hybrid stabilized by wet chemical synthesis (Krishna et al., 2012). Furthermore, the potential applications of the Fe3O4 based nanocomposites are extended to drug delivery (Shen et al., 2018; Tishkevich et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2016), Protein Separation (Bao et al., 2007), catalysis (Gawande et al., 2013; Ghorbani-Choghamarani and Azadi, 2015; Radfar et al., 2018), sensing (Rahman et al., 2017; Schyrr et al., 2015) and renewable energy (Lorkit et al., 2014; Nithya and Sabari Arul, 2016; Wei et al., n.d.; Zhan et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2017). Therefore, this work aimed to apply palm-pruning leaves in preparation of functionalized adsorbent nanocomposite including iron oxide nanoparticles. In addition to characterize them with SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD to evaluate their surface nature and structure. Moreover, to use the prepared materials for separation and removal of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) from water solutions.
2 Experimental
2.1 Fabrication of functioned palm-pruning leaves nanocomposite as adsorbent
The palm-pruning leaves were collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and washed with water, distilled water, nitric acid, and distilled water then dried in oven at 105 C for 2 days, named cleaned palm leaves (CPL). The washed palm-pruning leaves were then impregnated with FeCl3·6H2O in alkaline medium, under continuous shacking for 6 h. The formed precipitate was filtered, washed with ethanol and water, and dried at 105 for 24 h. The as prepared precipitate was thermally treated at 600 °C for 2 h as Shi et al. (2015). Finally, the prepared palm-pruning leaves/Fe3O4 nanocomposite (PL/IO-NC) was characterized by FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD and surfaces area determination.
2.2 Adsorption investigations
The adsorption procedures described in Habila et al. (2019, 2014) were applied to evaluate the capacity of palm-pruning leaves/Fe3O4 nanocomposite in heavy metals separations. A certain weight of the palm-pruning leaves/Fe3O4 nanocomposite samples were mixed metal ions in solution with pH medium of 7. The solution was shaken for 1 h, and then the palm-pruning leaves/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was filtered from the metal solution. The level of uptake of heavy metals was evaluated by detecting metals with ICP-MS before and after adsorption. The adsorption capacity was calculated from the equation
The adsorption evaluation procedures were repeated to study the effect of time, metal concentrations and temperature.
3 Results and discussions
3.1 Surface and structure characterization of the prepared adsorbents
The palm-pruning leaves are produced annually with large amounts, as well as, they have many advantages such as strong mechanical properties, low toxicity and easy to be biodegraded. Furthermore, the possibility to use them as support for various modifications. Herein, the palm-pruning leaves subjected to primary treatment by water and acid washing in order to clean the surfaces, finally, the sample named cleaned palm-pruning leaves (CPL). The secondary treated samples were obtained by using the cleaned palm-pruning leaves (CPL), and then build on their surfaces a spots of iron oxide nano particles, materials from the secondary treatment is named palm-pruning leaves/iron oxide nanocomposite (PL/IO-NC). SEM, TEM and EDS are provided in Fig. 1, which shows in part (A) the SEM of the original cleaned palm-pruning leaves (CPL) with rough surfaces including layers and cavities while in part (B) the SEM of palm-pruning leaves/iron oxide nanocomposite (PL/IO-NC), keeping the layers in the structure and the cavities as in the original one. The part (C) of the Fig. 1 shows the TEM of the PL/IO-NC, more details about the uniform formation and distribution of the iron oxide nanoparticles with particle size between 50 nm and 100 nm, around the overall samples. The part (D) from Fig. 1 shows the EDS analysis of the PL/IO-NC, describing the ratio of main elements (C, O, and Fe) on the materials surfaces, which confirm the successful surface modification.
The crystalline structure degree of the CPL and PL/IO-NC was characterized by XRD (Fig. 2). For the CPL (Fig. 2a), the amorphous nature is notices which related the cellulosic structure of the palm leaves. While PL/IO-NC showed several peaks related to the formation of iron oxide with the phase of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which showed a suitable matching with (2 2 0)(3 1 1)(4 0 0)(5 1 1)(4 4 0) planes, reported for iron oxide nanoparticles (JCPDS, 85-1436). The same peaks were also reported during preparation of Fe3O4 based materials (Habila et al., 2016b; Peng and Sun, 2007).
By examining the surface functional groups by FTIR (Fig. 3), the CPL exhibited the strong peaks related to OH, C⚌O, C—H (Fig. 3a), while PL/IO-NC showed the same peaks with lower intensity due to the thermal treatment (Fig. 3a). The presence of carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups, is expected to enhance the materials application in adsorption and removal of heavy metals during water purification (Habila et al., 2017, 2016a).
The available BET surface area of the palm-pruning leaves (CPL) and palm-pruning leaves/iron oxide-nanocomposite (PL/IO-NC) was analyzed and found to be 5.11 m2/g and 27.18 m2/g. this indicate the effect of thermal treatment in creating porosity and increasing the surface area.
3.2 Adsorption characterization for removal of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) by CPL and PL/IO-NC
The removal of some heavy metals including Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) have been evaluated by adsorption onto palm-pruning leaves (CPL) and palm-pruning leaves/iron oxide-nanocomposite (PL/IO-NC), the most important factors, that affecting the adsorption process were studied for kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic investigations. The comparison between the capacity of CPL and PL/IO-NC for adsorption of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) was done under pH values from 2 to 8. It can be reported from the results in Fig. 4 that the suitable medium for adsorption was at pH between 6 and 7. This may attributed to the fact that at lower hydrogen ion concentration, the competition between the heavy metal ions and positively charged hydrogen become lower, allowing maximum coordination of heavy metals with the active sites on the adsorbent surface such as hydroxyl groups. Therefore, the low values of the adsorption capacity was noticed in the strong acidic medium while the higher values of the adsorption capacity obtained in the weak acidic and neutral medium (Fu et al., 2019; Kaewsarn, 2002; Kumar et al., 2019; Li et al., 2009; Rengaraj et al., 2003). In addition, the CPL have showed lower adsorption capacity of 58.1, 23.5 and 23.7 mg/g for Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) respectively compared to PL/IO-NC which showed the capacity of 159, 153 and 197 mg/g for Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) respectively.
The rate of transferee of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) from bulk of the sample solution to be arranged in the surface of palm-pruning leaves/iron oxide-nanocomposite is investigated by studying the time effect, by changing time of contact from 10 min to 180 min (Fig. 5).The adsorption capacity was increased for all tested elements (Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II)) by increasing time until reach 60 min, and then, no significant increase are noticed by increasing the time from 60 min to 180 min. therefore, 60 min is enough to achieve the equilibrium with qe of 165, 155 and 195 mg/g for Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) respectively.
Various kinetic models are applied to analyse the adsorption data and to determine the suitable model to describe the adsorptive-removal process and the metal uptake changing with time. The pseudo first order in it’s integrated form is expressed in Eq. (2) (Wen et al., 2006)
By plotting the log(qe − qt) & t (Fig. 6), the values of k1 and qe calculated. The values of k1 and calculated qe for adsorption of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) onto PL/IO-NC presented in Table 1. By comparing the values of q experiment and qe calculated, a big difference is noticed which indicate poor agreement with the assumption of the pseudo first order model.
| Pseudo-first order | Pseudo-second order | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| qe,exp (mg/g) | K1 (min−1) | qe,cal (mg/g) | R2 | k2 (g/mg.min) | qe,cal (mg/g) | R2 | |
| Mn(II) | 165.3 | 0.039 | 160.6 | 0.90 | 2.5 × 10 -4 | 188.6 | 0.94 |
| Co(II) | 155.1 | 0.045 | 185.2 | 0.93 | 3.07 × 10 -7 | 181.8 | 0.98 |
| Pb(II) | 195.5 | 0.081 | 399.3 | 0.85 | 2.3 × 10 -5 | 212.7 | 0.93 |
In adddition, the pseudo-second-order kinetic has been applied in its integrated form Eq. (3) (Ho et al., 2000):
Fig. 7 shows the plot of t/qt & t, from which qe and k can be determined. By comparing the adsorption capacity from experimental qe the calculated qe from pseudo second order equation (Table 1), good correlation is obtained which confirm the matching of the pseudo second order kinetic model and the adsorption of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) onto PL/IO-NC.
Langmuir isotherm
The Langmuir models assume that the adsorption became in its maximum value when a complete monolayer is formed covering the adsorbent surface (Tjeerdsma and Militz, 2005). In addition, Langmuir consider the absence of transmigration of the adsorbed ions to the plane surface. The Langmuir equation (4) was applied (Fig. 8). The correlation coefficients, R2, for adsorption of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) onto PL/IO-NC (Table 2) were very low indicating unsuitability of the Langmuir isotherm to describe the process.
| Langmuir constants | Freundlich constants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KL | b | Q max. | R2 | KF | n | R2 | |
| Mn(II) | 9.3 | 0.23 | 21.7 | 0.46 | 14.06 | 0.42 | 0.90 |
| Co(II) | 5.2 | 5.5 * 10−3 | 166.6 | 0.12 | 10.1 | 1.06 | 0.92 |
| Pb(II) | – | – | – | 0.16 | 0.16 | 1.4 * 10−4 | 0.85 |
3.3 Freundlich isotherm
Eq. (5) for Freundlich model
The values of the K and n can be investigated by plotting log qe versus log Ce (Fig. 9).
In addition, the obtained results from applying freundlish model (Fig. 8) showed the linear form and Table 2 showed the calculated constants. By comparing the values of qmax and correlation coefficient, it can be concluded that the freundilish is the most matching in case of adsorption of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) onto PL/IO-NC.
Adsorption process is controlled by featured related to surfaces area and/or surface functional groups and the type of adsorption particles, which in some times leads to spontaneous adsorption or nonspontaneous, or it can be classified as physi-sorption of chemi-sorption. The thermodynamic investigations are applied to describe the nature of adsorption of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) onto PL/IO-NC. The thermodynamic parameters, such as change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°), which were evaluated using Eqs. (6) and (7):
By Appling Eq. (6), the plot of Log Kd vs. 1/T (Fig. 10) enables the determination of ΔH° and ΔS°.
As shown in Table 3, ΔG° was in the range (−5.8 to −3.5 kJ/mol) for Mn(II), (−4.2 to −2.1 kJ/mol) for Co(II), (−3.4 to −2.3 kJ/mol) for Pb(II), while ΔH° and ΔS° values were in the range of −26.5 to −13.2 kJ·mol−1 and −69.6 to − 32.9 J mol−1·K−1, respectively. The value of ΔG◦ between 0 and −20 kJ/mol is corresponding to the physisorption process (Adane et al., 2015; Horsfall et al., 2004; Pathania et al., 2017).
| Temperature T(K) | Thermodynamic parameters | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔG° (kJ/mol) | ΔS° (J/mol/K) | ΔH° (kJ/mol) | ||
| Mn(II) | 298 | −5.8 | −69.6 | −26.5 |
| 313 | −4.6 | |||
| 323 | −3.7 | |||
| 333 | −3.5 | |||
| Co(II) | 298 | −4.2 | −60.1 | −22.1 |
| 313 | −3.2 | |||
| 323 | −2.6 | |||
| 333 | −2.1 | |||
| Pb(II) | 298 | −3.4 | −32.9 | −13.2 |
| 313 | −2.9 | |||
| 323 | −2.6 | |||
| 333 | −2.3 | |||
The negative values of the ΔG° shows the spontaneous behavior of the dsorption process of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) onto the prepared PL/IO-NC. In addition, the negative value of ΔH° related to exothermic process and ΔS° indicates the decrease in the freedom-degree during the adsorption of Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) onto PL/IO-NC.
4 Conclusion
The cleaned palm-pruning leaves (CPL) have showed tendency to adsorb Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) with adsorption capacity values of 58.1, 23.5 and 23.7 mg/g respectively, while after treatment and formation of the nanocomposite, the adsorption capacity becomes 159, 153 and 197 mg/g for Mn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) respectively. The obtained adsorption data indicates the effectiveness of the treatment. The pseudo-second order and the freundilish models are the most suitable for describing the adsorption process, indicating the fast adsorption rate and multilayer adsorption. The thermodynamic investigation showed indicators for spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by Environmental Pollution Research Chair at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University. (Grant no EP-2018-03).
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
References
- Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies for sorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) by activated carbon prepared from Leucaena plant wastes. Part. Sci. Technol.. 2016;34:540-551.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic study of 2-chlorophenol adsorption onto Ricinus communis pericarp activated carbon from aqueous solutions. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 2015
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Removal of zinc(II) from aqueous solutions using modified agricultural wastes: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Arab. J. Geosci.. 2013;6:4245-4255.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- The Manganese Health Research Program (MHRP): status report and future research needs and directions. Neurotoxicology. 2006;27:733-736.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Manganese toxicity in the central nervous system: Decreeing of catecholamine in rat’s brains. Health (Irvine, Calif). 2013;05:2146-2149.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Bifunctional Au-Fe3O4 nanoparticles for protein separation. ACS Nano. 2007;1:293-298.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- FAAS slurry analysis of lead and copper ions preconcentrated on titanium dioxide nanoparticles coated with a silver shell and modified with cysteamine. Microchim. Acta. 2011;173:495-502.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Accumulation and distribution of toxic metals in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Indian mustard (Brassica campestris L.) irrigated with distillery and tannery effluents. J. Hazard. Mater.. 2009;162:1514-1521.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- New prospects for modified algae in heavy metal adsorption. Trends Biotechnol. 2019:1-14.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- We are IntechOpen, The World’s Leading Publisher of Open Access Books Built by Scientists, for Scientists TOP 1%. Vol 13. Intech i; 2016. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57353
- Adsorption of heavy metal sewage on nano-materials such as titanate/TiO2 added lignin. Results Phys.. 2019;12:405-411.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Nano-magnetite (Fe3O4) as a support for recyclable catalysts in the development of sustainable methodologies. Chem. Soc. Rev.. 2013;42:3371-3393.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Synthesis, characterization, and application of Fe3O4-SA-PPCA as a novel nanomagnetic reusable catalyst for the efficient synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones and polyhydroquinolines. RSC Adv.. 2015;5:9752-9758.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Removal of tartrazine dye onto mixed-waste activated carbon: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Clean – Soil, Air, Water. 2014;42:1824-1831.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- One-step carbon coating and polyacrylamide functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for enhancing magnetic adsorptive-remediation of heavy metals. Molecules. 2017;22
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Mercaptobenzothiazole-functionalized magnetic carbon nanospheres of type Fe3O4@SiO2@C for the preconcentration of nickel, copper and lead prior to their determination by ICP-MS. Microchim. Acta. 2016;183:2377-2384.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Synthesis and application of Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 for photocatalytic decomposition of organic matrix simultaneously with magnetic solid phase extraction of heavy metals prior to ICP-MS analysis. Talanta. 2016;154:539-547.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Phosphonium-based ionic liquid modified activated carbon from mixed recyclable waste for mercury(II) uptake. Molecules 2019
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Effective removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous solutions: 2-Bifunctional magnetic nanocomposite base on novel reactive PGMA-MAn copolymer@Fe3O4 nanoparticles. J. Colloid Interface Sci.. 2017;490:727-746.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Study of the sorption of divalent metal ions on to peat. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol.. 2000;18:639-650.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Studies on the influence of mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) modification of cassava (Manihot sculenta Cranz) waste biomass on the adsorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solution. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.. 2004;25:969-976.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Biosorption of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by pre-treated biomass of marine algae Padina sp. Chemosphere. 2002;47:1081-1085.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Wet-chemical green synthesis of l-lysine amino acid stabilized biocompatible iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2012:6645-6651.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Graphene composites for lead ions removal from aqueous solutions. Appl. Sci.. 2019;9:2925.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Health risks associated with cobalt exposure–an overview. Sci. Total Environ.. 1994;150:1-6.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Cobalt toxicity in humans—a review of the potential sources and systemic health effects. Toxicology 2017
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper(II) removal by three species of dead fungal biomasses. J. Hazard. Mater.. 2009;165:469-474.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Peer-review under responsibility of COE of sustainalble energy system iron oxide-based supercapacitor from ferratrane precursor via sol-gel-hydrothermal process-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System. Energy Procedia. 2014;56:466-473.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Environmental contamination by heavy metals. In: Heavy Metals. InTech; 2018.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Membrane, P., 2013. Preparation and characterization of a novel nanocomposite.pdf 5, 110–119.
- The removal and kinetic study of Mn, Fe, Ni and Cu ions from wastewater onto activated carbon from coconut shells. Adsorption. 2011;17:505-514.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Selective isolation of heavy metals from spent electronic waste solution by macroporous ion-exchange resins. J. Hazard. Mater.. 2019;371:389-396.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Progress and development of Fe3O4 electrodes for supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2016
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of cadmium (II) adsorption by modified agricultural wastes. Molecules. 2011;16:10443-10456.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Water purification by polymer nanocomposites: an overview. Nanocomposites. 2017;3:47-66.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon developed from Ficus carica bast. Arab. J. Chem.. 2017;10:S1445-S1451.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse hollow Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed.. 2007;46:4155-4158.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Regenerated cellulose from high alpha cellulose pulp of steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse. J. Mater. Res. Technol.. 2018;7:55-65.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Effect of sulfate on Cu(II) sorption to polymer-supported nano-iron oxides: behavior and XPS study. J. Colloid Interface Sci.. 2012;366:37-43.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Adsorption of heavy metal ions using zeolite materials of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash modified by microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment. Powder Technol.. 2018;335:156-163.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Radfar, I., Karimi, M., Ghandi, L., Esfandiary, N., Abbasi, S., Heydari, A., 2018. Fe3O4 @Sucrose: a green catalyst for syntheses of polyhydroquinolines. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0401.1000193.
- Rahman, M.M., Hussain, M.M., Asiri, A.M., 2017. Fabrication of 3-methoxyphenol sensor based on Fe3O4 decorated carbon nanotube nanocomposites for environmental safety: Real sample analyses. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177817.
- Kinetics of removal of chromium from water and electronic process wastewater by ion exchange resins: 1200H, 1500H and IRN97H. J. Hazard. Mater.. 2003;102:257-275.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Safety and Health Topics | Lead – Health Effects | Occupational Safety and Health Administration [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/healtheffects.html (accessed 9.28.19).
- Fiber-optic protease sensor based on the degradation of thin gelatin films. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res.. 2015;3:65-73.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Fe3O4 nanoparticles in targeted drug/gene delivery systems. Materials (Basel) 2018
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Effect of annealing temperature on the structure of carbon encapsulated Fe3O4 nanospheres. RSC Adv.. 2015;5:106787-106794.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions using engineered magnetic biochars derived from waste marine macro-algal biomass. Sci. Total Environ.. 2018;615:161-168.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Low-cost adsorbents derived from agricultural by-products/wastes for enhancing contaminant uptakes from wastewater: a review. Polish J. Environ. Stud. 2017
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Waste-cellulose-derived porous carbon adsorbents for methyl orange removal. Chem. Eng. J.. 2019;371:55-63.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Immobilization of boron-rich compound on Fe3O4 nanoparticles: Stability and cytotoxicity. J. Alloys Compd.. 2019;797:573-581.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Chemical changes in hydrothermal treated wood: FTIR analysis of combined hydrothermal and dry heat-treated wood. Holz als Roh - und Werkst.. 2005;63:102-111.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Preparation and physical properties of regenerated cellulose fibres from sugarcane bagasse. Text. Res. J.. 2010;80:1846-1858.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- CO2 adsorption of surface-modified cellulose nanofibril films derived from agricultural wastes. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.. 2018;6:12603-12612.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- A review on heavy metal pollution, toxicity and remedial measures: current trends and future perspectives. J. Mol. Liq.. 2019;290:111197.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Wei, H., Gu, H., Guo, J., Cui, D., Yan, X., Liu, J., Cao, D., Wang, X., Wei, S., Guo, Z., n.d. Significantly enhanced energy density of magnetite/polypyrrole nanocomposite capacitors at high rates by low magnetic fields. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-017-0003-4.
- Comparative sorption kinetic studies of ammonium onto zeolite. J. Hazard. Mater.. 2006;133:252-256.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Dumbbell-like Au−Fe3O4 nanoparticles for target-specific platin delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 2009;131:4216-4217.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- A review of functionalized carbon nanotubes and graphene for heavy metal adsorption from water: preparation, application, and mechanism. Chemosphere. 2018;195:351-364.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Surface functional groups of carbon-based adsorbents and their roles in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions: a critical review. Chem. Eng. J.. 2019;366:608-621.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Preparation and potential applications of super paramagnetic nano-Fe3O4. Processes. 2018;6:33.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Multifunctional Fe3O4@WO3@mSiO2-APTES nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery and controllable release with microwave irradiation triggered by WO3. Mater. Lett.. 2016;169:185-188.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Synthesis of Fe3O4 nanorings/amine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide composites as supercapacitor electrode materials in neutral electrolyte. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci.. 2017;12:7197-7204.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]