A systematic review on triterpenoids from genus Schisandra: Botany, traditional use, pharmacology and modern application

Haonan Xu; Wei Wang; Yu Sun; Yuze Li; Yi Jiang; Chong Deng; Xiaomei Song; Dongdong Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105178

View/Download PDF

Buy Reprints

PDF

Translate this page into:

Review article

10 2023

:16;

105178

doi:

10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105178

A systematic review on triterpenoids from genus Schisandra: Botany, traditional use, pharmacology and modern application

Haonan Xu, Wei Wang, Yu Sun, Yuze Li, Yi Jiang, Chong Deng, Xiaomei Song, Dongdong Zhang^⁎

School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian Yang, Shaanxi 712046, PR China

⁎Corresponding author at: School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Middle Section of Century Avenue, Qindu District, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province 712046, PR China. zhangnatprod@163.com (Dongdong Zhang)

Received: 2023-4-13, Accepted: 2023-7-16,

Disclaimer:
This article was originally published by Elsevier and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.

Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier.

Abstract

The genus Schisandra belongs to the family Schisandraceae and grows mainly in south-central and southwestern China. Most of the plants in this genus are used for medicine by their fruits, usually for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In traditional medicine, Schisandra is also used to stop bleeding, relieve pain, and clear heat. Based on this, many domestic and foreign scholars have conducted systematic studies on its chemical composition, and experimental data show that triterpenoid components are the important material basis for the pharmacological effects of this genus. This paper summarizes the relevant literature on triterpenes of the genus Schisandra from 1983 to 2023. All information and research about this paper was obtained from libraries and digital databases (SciFinder, Medline PubMed, Google Scholar, and CNKI, etc.). At present, there are 335 different kinds of triterpenes isolated from the genus Schisandra, including lanostanes, cycloartanes, nortriterpenoids and pentacyclic triterpenoids, which are mostly found in fruits and vine stems. They have been found to possess various activities such as antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective.

This review systematically summarizes the literature on triterpenoid composition, traditional applications, pharmacology, and exploitation of the genus Schisandra. We hope this paper will provide a valuable reference for further research and development of the resources of this genus.

Keywords

Schisandra

Traditional uses

Triterpenoids

Pharmacological

Development utilization

Review

Show Related Articles from PubMed

1 Introduction

The Schisandraceae contains Schisandra and Kadsura with distributions in southeastern Asia and southeastern North America, with 22 species of the genus Schisandra in China (See Table 1 for specific names and main distribution). At present, research on the genus Schisandra has focused on S. chinensis, S. sphenanthera, S. arisanensis, S. rubriflora, S. propinqua and S. arisanensis. Research on this genus has been increasing this year, especially on its fruits and vine parts. Among them, the fruit of S. chinensis (habitually known as Bei Wu Wei Zi) and the fruit of S. sphenanthera (habitually known as Nan Wu Wei Zi) are included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Gao and Liu, 2010). The genus Schisandra has the properties of astringent, benefiting the qi, nourishing the kidneys and nourishing the heart (Xu et al., 2008). Its efficacy is documented in Shennon’s Herbal Classic and the Compendium of Materia Medica. It is a traditional medicinal plant with a long history of use in China and other parts of Asia. This herb can be applied to treat a wide range of conditions, including respiratory, digestive, and inflammation, as well as fatigue and stress. In traditional medicine, it is often used as a soup and as a powder to treat illnesses (Zhao, 2008). In comparison with the summary by Zhang et al. (Zhang et al., 2022) this paper focuses on the collation of triterpenoids from the genus Schisandra, with a total of 335 compounds, in addition to the traditional uses of the genus and the current status of related exploitation.

Table 1 Names and distribution of species of the genus Schisandra in China.

No.	Species	Main distribution	Ref.
a	Schisandra sphenanthera (S. sphenanthera)	China (Shanxi, Shannxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Yunnan)	(Liu et al., 2023)
b	Schisandra chinecnsis (S. chinensis)	China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei), Korea, Japan, Russia	(Liu et al., 2023)
c	Schisandra arisanensis (S. arisanensis, Subspecies: S. Viridis)	China (Taiwan)	(Liu et al., 2023)
d	Schisandra glaucescens (S. glaucescens)	China (Hubei, Sichuan)	(Liu et al., 2023)
e	Schisandra rubriflora (S. rubriflora)	China (Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet)	(Liu et al., 2023)
f	Schisandra longipes (S.longipes)	China Southeast	(Liu et al., 2023)
g	Schisandra bicolor (S. bicolor, Synonym: S. wilsoniana)	China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan)	(Liu et al., 2023)
h	Schisandra grandiflora (S. grandiflora)	China (Tibet, Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim,	(Liu et al., 2023)
i	Schisandra henryi (S. henryi)	China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Henan), Vietnam	(Liu et al., 2023)
j	Schisandra incarnata (S. incarnata)	China (Hubei), East Himalaya	(Liu et al., 2023)
k	Schisandra lancifolia (S. lancifolia)	China (Sichuan, Yunnan)	(Liu et al., 2023)
l	Schisandra micrantha (S. micrantha)	China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Assam, Myanmar	(Liu et al., 2023)
m	Schisandra neglecta (S. neglecta)	China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), Assam, Bangladesh, China South-Central, East Himalaya, Myanmar, Nepal	(Liu et al., 2023)
n	Schisandra plena (S. plena)	China (Yunnan), India, East Himalaya	(Liu et al., 2023)
o	Schisandra propinqua (S. propinqua)	China (Yunnan, Tibet), Bhutan, Assam, Himalaya, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand	(Liu et al., 2023)
p	Schisandra pubescens (S. pubescens)	China (Sichuan)	(Liu et al., 2023)
q	Schisandra sphaerandra (S. sphaerandra)	China (Sichuan, Tibet)	(Liu et al., 2023)
r	Schisandra tomentella (S. tomentella)	China (Sichuan)	(Liu et al., 2023)
s	Schisandra macrocarpa (S. macrocarpa)	China (Yunnan)	(Liu et al., 2023)
t	Schisandra parapropinqua (S. parapropinqua)	China South-Central	(Liu et al., 2023)
u	Schisandra pubinervis (S. pubinervis)	China South-Central	(Liu et al., 2023)
v	Schisandra repanda (S. repanda)	China Southeast	(Liu et al., 2023)

In recent years, scientific research has focused on the potential health benefits of this genus, particularly its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Pharmacological studies have shown that the triterpenoid component of the genus is one of the important material bases for this pharmacological action. As research continues, some structurally novel triterpenes have also been discovered, and their pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action are gradually becoming a hot topic of interest for researchers. The triterpenoids micranoic acid B (319) isolated from S. pubescens have been used in the preparation of anti-tumor drugs with significant pharmacological activity against human lung cancer (A549) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB) (Lu et al., 2016). Notably, the triterpenoids from this genus can also be used to develop food and beverages as well as health products, which have good market prospects (Li and Chen, 2013; Cao and Zhang, 2012).

Accordingly, this paper aims to systematically classify the triterpenes in the genus Schisandra and to present the progress made in their traditional applications, pharmacology and development, to provide an important scientific basis for the subsequent comprehensive development of the triterpenoids in this genus. All species queries in Table 1 are from Catalogue of Life China: 2023 (Liu et al., 2023).

2 Search strategy

This paper presents a comprehensive study and analysis of the previously published literature to investigate the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of plants of the genus Schisandra. Articles from 1987 to 2023 were searched using databases such as Medline PubMed, Science Direct, Sci Finder, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar and CNKI by using the keywords such as genus Schisandra, S. chinensis, Triterpenoids and uses of Schisandra. Part of the analyzed studies was got by a manual search of articles in the reference lists of the included studies. The chemical structures were drawn using Chem Draw Professional 20.0 software.

3 Physiology, description and distribution

Woody vines, glabrous throughout (branches, leaf backs, and petioles of S. chinensis, S. pubescens and S. sphaerandra pubescent), branchlets with petioles decurrent on both sides of the base into longitudinal stripes or sometimes narrowly winged; with long branches and spur-like short branches growing from axillary buds on long branches. Bud scales 6–8, imbricate, bud's axillary alone or two together or many clustered in leaf axils or at the tips of short branches. Leaves papery, margins membranous decurrent to petiole into narrow wings, flesh with hyaline dots; leaf scars rounded, slightly elevated. Flowers are unisexual, dioecious, rarely monoecious, borne singly in leaf axils or bract axils, often on short branches, in clusters of several due to dense internodes. Tepals 5–12(20), usually the largest in the middle whorl, smaller in the outer and inner whorls; male flowers: stamens 5–60, filaments slender or short, or adnate to the receptacle without filaments. Female flowers: pistils 12–120, free, spirally and densely arranged on the receptacle, which gradually elongates and becomes sparse after pollination. Ovules 2 (3) per locule, superimposed on the ventral suture. The mature carpels are small berries, arranged on the receptacle, forming sparse or dense long spikes of aggregated fruit. The seeds are 2 (3) or sometimes only 1 developed, with a conspicuous hilum, usually U-shaped, Testa smooth or rugose or tuberculate-like projection (Yang et al., 2002; Guo et al., 2015; Sun, 2006 ).

The entire genus has about 30 species, mainly in eastern and south-eastern Asia, with only one species (Schisandra glabra) in the American continent (Jose and Patricia, 1998). 22 species in China, distributed throughout the country (except Xin Jiang), mostly growing in valleys and among jungles (Schisandra in Flora of China @ efloras.org, 2020). Fig. 1 illustrates the distribution of the genus Schisandra.

Distribution of the genus Schisandra (the distribution of this genus in China is marked in red).

4 Traditional use of Schisandra

The genus Schisandra is widely distributed throughout China and has a long history of use in China for its rich biological and pharmacological activity, which is why it is often used to treat a variety of diseases. In the genus Schisandra, the fruit is the main part of the medicine. In different regions, the fruits of many species are used as a substitute for “S chinensis” (the fruit of S. chinensis). In Yunnan Province, the fruits of S. propinqua, S. rubriflora, S. neglecta, S. lancifolia, and S. micrantha are used as substitutes. In Sichuan Province, the fruits of S. henryi and S. rubriflora are used as substitutes; in Zhejiang Province, the fruits of S. viridis are used as substitutes. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen recorded the difference between the efficacy of the northern and southern species of Schisandra, describing that there are northern and southern varieties of Schisandra, with the southern variety being red and the northern variety black, with the northern variety being more tonic. In the Tang Materia, it is recorded that Schisandra has the effect of stopping loss, sweating and diarrhea. It is worth mentioning that its wide distribution has also given rise to ethnic uses with regional characteristics. In Tibetan areas of China, the fruit of Schisandra is often used to treat indigestion and diarrhea from enteritis. In addition, similarly distinctive ethnomedicines include Mongolian medicine and Miao medicine. Its development to date has also been helpful to modern medicine, being used to treat rheumatism, stomach pain, gastritis, dysentery and urticaria. Table 2 describes the applications of different plants of the genus Schisandra in traditional medicine.

Table 2 The traditional uses of genus Schisandra.

Species	Local name	Dosage form	parts	Traditional clinical uses	Ref
S. sphenanthera	Man shan xiang, Yan pi pa, Hong ling zi	Decoction, Liquor, Powder(orally)	fruits	insomnia, palpitations, calming and tranquilizing, cough.	(Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. sphenanthera	Man shan xiang, Yan pi pa, Hong ling zi	Powder (external application)	stem, root	dysmenorrhea.	(Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. chinensis	Xuan ji, Hui ji, Shan hua jiao, Wu wei, Wu mei zi	Decoction, Liquor, Powder(orally), Liniment (external application)	fruits	palpitations, night sweating, rheumatism, cough.	(Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. chinensis	Xuan ji, Hui ji, Shan hua jiao, Wu wei, Wu mei zi		stem, root	chronic gastritis, acute gastroenteritis, stomachache.	(Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. arisanensis	Jin bei teng, Jin la ba	Liquor (orally)	fruits	insomnia, palpitations, calming and tranquilizing.	(Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. glaucescens	Xi wu wei, Cheng gan ma	Fruits, Decoction(orally)	fruits	cough, rheumatism, gall tumors, goiter.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. rubriflora	Dian wu wei, Hong xue teng, Guo shan long, Xiang xue teng	Decoction(orally), Fruits	fruits	rheumatism, neurological disorders.	(Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. rubriflora	Dian wu wei, Hong xue teng, Guo shan long, Xiang xue teng	Decoction(orally), Fruits	stem	rheumatism, stomachache, indigestion.	(Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. bicolor	Xiang su zi, Er se nei feng xiao	Decoction, Liquor (orally)	fruits	chest tightness, gastrointestinal distress.	(Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. bicolor	Xiang su zi, Er se nei feng xiao	Wine(orally)	stem, root	traumatic injuries, excessive fatigue.	(Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. grandiflora		Decoction(orally)	fruits	analgesic, cough, tonics for the kidneys.	(Liu et al., 2012b; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. grandiflora		Decoction(orally)	stem, root	tonics for the kidneys.	(Liu et al., 2012b; Zhang et al., 2014)
S. henryi	Da feng teng, Yao wu wei, Huang zuan	Decoction, Wine(orally)	fruits	back pain, lumbar strain.	(Liu et al., 2012b; Wei et al., 2009)
S. henryi	Da feng teng, Yao wu wei, Huang zuan	Decoction, Wine(orally)	stem, root	soreness in the limbs, irregular menstruation, stomachache.	(Liu et al., 2012b; Wei et al., 2009)
S. incarnata	Xi wu wei	Fruits	fruits	lumbar strain, gastrointestinal discomfort, cough, night sweating.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. lancifolia	Diao diao xiang	Decoction(orally)	stem, root	bruises and injuries, fractures, hemostasis.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. lancifolia	Diao diao xiang	Fruits	fruits	Neurasthenia.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. micrantha	Xiang shi teng, Da shen jin, Jie jin teng	Decoction, Wine(orally)	fruits	nephrosis, menstrual irregularities.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. micrantha	Xiang shi teng, Da shen jin, Jie jin teng	Decoction, Wine(orally)	stem, root	rheumatism, abdominal pain.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. neglecta	Xiao xue teng	Decoction, Wine(orally), External application, Fruits	fruits	cough, clears heat.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. neglecta	Xiao xue teng	Decoction, Wine(orally), External application, Fruits	stem	diarrhea, relieving pain.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. plena	Fu ban huang long teng	Decoction	whole plant	clears heat, relieving pain.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. propinqua	Zhong jian wu wei zi	Decoction(orally), External application	fruits	stops bleeding, clears heat.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. propinqua	Zhong jian wu wei zi	Decoction(orally), External application	stem, root	stomach pain, gastritis, menstrual disorders, fractures, blood clots.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. pubescens	Mao mai wu wei zi	Fruits	fruits	cough, night sweating.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. pubescens	Mao mai wu wei zi	Decoction(orally)	stem	exertional injuries, diarrhea.	(Liu et al., 2012b)
S. sphaerandra	Shan bao gu, Shan hua jiao, Xiao xue pian	Fruits, Liquor (orally)	stem, root	rheumatic arthritis, joint pain, abdominal distension, dysentery.	(Jiang, 2005😉
S. tomentella	Mao bei wu wei zi	vinum, wine(orally)	fruits	diarrhea, palpitation, insomnia.	(Jiang, 2005)
S. viridis	Guo shan feng, Nei feng xiao, Bai zuan	Decoction (orally or external application)	fruits	urticaria, zoster, rheumatism, stomachache.	(Jiang, 2005)

Therefore, in this article, we have collected information on the characteristic folk uses of the Schisandra genus, including empirical prescriptions and hospitalized preparations for folk use (Liu et al., 2012b; Jiang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2014; Wei et al., 2009 ).

5 Triterpenoids

Structurally diverse triterpenoids have been isolated from the genus Schisandra. There are 335 triterpenoids in total, and these compounds are divided into four major groups: 72 lanostanes, 42 cycloartanes, 207 nortriterpenoids and 14 pentacyclic triterpenoids. Compound names and sources are shown in Table 3, and their chemical structures are shown in Figs. 2-15 .

Table 3 Triterpenoids isolated from genus Schisandra.

NO.	Compound	Source	Parts	Ref
5.1.1. Intact lanostanes
1	schiglausin R	g	stems	(Liu, 2018)
2	schisandronic acid	b	stems	(Suh, 2014)
3	3β-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24Z-dien-26-oic acid	o	stems	(Liu and Tao, 1992)
4	schipropinqua acid E	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
5	schipropinqua acid F	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
6	schipropinqua acid G	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
7	schipropinqua acid H	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
8	schiglausin R	d	furits	(Yu et al., 2016)
9	(24E)-3α,12α-dihydroxy-lanost-24-en-26-oic acid	d	stems	(Wu, 2016)
10	coccinic acid	d	stems	(Wu, 2016)
11	anwuweizonic acid	d	stems	(Wu, 2016)
12	iso-anwuweizic acid	a	furits	(Zhang, 2008)
13	schisactone D	a	furits	(Zhang, 2008)
14	schisanlactone	a	furits	(Zhang, 2008)
15	3β-hydroxyl-5α,8α-epi-dioxyergosta-6,22-diene	a	furits	(Li and Sun, 2004)
16	12β-hydroxycoccinic acid	a	furits	(Du, 2007)
17	iso-schizandrlic acid	a	furits	(Du, 2007)
18	schizandronic acid	a	furits	(Du, 2007)
19	schisanol	c	leaves	(Hou et al., 2016)
5.1.2. 3,4-secolanostane
20	manwuweizic acid	g	stems	(Liu, 2018)
21	schiglausin G	g	stems	(Liu, 2018)
22	kadsuric acid	b	stems	(Guo et al., 2019)
23	schipropinqua acid N	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
24	kadcoccinic acid O	j	stems	(Zhou, 2018)
25	29-hydroxyl schiglausin D	c	stems	(Wang et al., 2021)
26	6-hydroxyl schiglausin G	c	stems	(Wang et al., 2021)
27	schisanlactone A	b	furits	(Liu et al., 1983)
28	schinalactone D	b	stems and leaves	(Qiu et al., 2018)
29	schisanchinlactone B	b	stems and leaves	(Zhao et al., 2020)
30	schisanlactone C	b	stems and leaves	(Qiu et al., 2018)
31	schisphenthin C	a	furits	(Liu et al., 2017a)
32	schisanlactone I	b	stems and leaves	(Qiu et al., 2018)
33	schiglausin P	d	furits	(Yu et al., 2016)
34	schiglausin Q	d	furits	(Yu et al., 2016)
35	schisanlactone H	a	furits	(Du, 2007)
36	schinchinenlactone D	b	roots	(Song et al., 2015)
37	schisphendilactone B	b	stems and leaves	(Qiu et al., 2018)
38	schinchinenlactone B	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
39	schinchinenlactone C	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
40	schisanchinlactone A	b	stems and leaves	(Zhao et al., 2020)
41	schisanchinlactone C	b	stems and leaves	(Zhao et al., 2020)
42	schinchinenin B	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
43	schinchinenin C	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
44	schinchinenin D	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
45	schinchinenin E	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
46	schinchinenin F	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
47	henrischinin A	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
48	henrischinin B	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
49	schinchinenin G	o	stems	(Liu and Tao, 1992)
50	schipropinqua acid k	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
51	schipropinqua acid L	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
52	schipropinqua acid M	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
53	schipropinqua acid M 3-methyl ester	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
54	kadsuric acid 3-methyl ester	d	stems	(Wu, 2016)
55	kadsuricacid	a	furits	(Du, 2007)
56	kadpolysperin J	d	stems	(Wu, 2016)
57	schinalactone E	j	stems	(Zhou, 2018)
58	12-hydroxyschiglausin B	d	stems	(Liu et al., 2018)
59	sphendilactone	a	stems	(Huang and Qin, 2016)
60	sphenantherain A	a	furits	(Zhang, 2008)
61	sphenantherain B	a	furits	(Zhang, 2008)
62	sphenantherain C	a	furits	(Zhang, 2008)
63	schiglausin A	a	furits	(Liu et al., 2017a)
64	6-hydroxyl schiglausin A	c	stems	(Wang et al., 2021)
65	schisanlactone E	a	furits	(Du, 2007)
66	schisphenthin A	a	furits	(Liu et al., 2017a)
67	schisphenthin B	a	furits	(Liu et al., 2017a)
68	schiglausin C	a	furits	(Liu et al., 2017a)
69	schisanlactone G	a	furits	(Ren, 2012)
70	schisanlactone B	a	furits	(Liu et al., 2012a)
71	henrischinin A	i	stems and leaves	(Xue et al., 2011)
72	henrischinin B	i	stems and leaves	(Xue et al., 2011)
5.2.1. Intact cycloartanes
73	ganwuweizic acid	b	stems	(Guo et al., 2019)
74	schipropinqua acid I	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
75	schipropinqua acid J	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
76	schiglausin S	d	furits	(Yu et al., 2016)
77	cycloart-23-ene-3,25-diol	a	furits	(Li and Sun, 2004)
78	schinensin D	a	roots	(Tanaka et al., 2021)
79	lancifodilactone H	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006b)
5.2.2. 3,4 secocycloartane
80	schisanbilactone A	g	stems	(Ma et al., 2009)
81	schisanbilactone B	g	stems	(Ma et al., 2009)
82	kadsulactone A	g	stems	(Ma et al., 2009)
83	kadsudilactone C	b	roots	(Song et al., 2015)
84	schisphendilactone A	a	stems	(Liang et al., 2013a)
85	schinensin C	a	roots	(Tanaka et al., 2021)
86	kadsudilactone B	j	stems	(Zhou, 2018)
87	kadsuphilactone B	b	stems and leaves	(Qiu et al., 2018)
88	renchanglactone A	a	furits	(Liu et al., 2017a)
89	wuweizilactone acid	b	stems and leaves	(Huang et al., 2008)
90	schisanlactone J	b	stems and leaves	(Qiu et al., 2018)
91	propiniclactone A	b	roots	(Song et al., 2015)
92	schinchinenin G	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
93	schinchinenin H	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
94	henrischinin C	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
95	schipropinqua acid A	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
96	schipropinqua acid B	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
97	schipropinqua acid B 3-methy1 ester	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
98	schipropinqua acid C	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
99	schiglausin O	d	stems	(Wu, 2016)
100	6β-hydroxyl nigranoic acid	d	stems	(Wu, 2016)
101	3,4-seco(24Z)-cycloart-4(28),24-diene-3,26-dioic-3-methyl ester	d	stems	(Wu, 2016)
102	abiesatrine O	j	stems	(Zhou, 2018)
103	nigranoic acid	p	stems	(Sun et al., 1996)
104	schipropinqua acid D	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
105	schiglausin T	d	furits	(Yu et al., 2016)
106	lancifoic acid A	d	stems	(Wu, 2016)
107	propindilactone Z	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
108	12-hydroxykadsuphilactone B	d	stems	(Liu et al., 2018)
109	kadsudilactone A	j	stems	(Zhou, 2018)
110	20R-hydroxyschinalactone C	d	stems	(Liu et al., 2018)
111	propinic lactone A	a	furits	(Liu et al., 2017a)
112	3-O-methylchangnanic acid	a	roots	(Tanaka et al., 2021)
113	henrischinin C	i	stems and leaves	(Xue et al., 2011)
114	propinic lactone C	j	stems	(Zhou, 2018)
5.3.1. Schiartane
115	wuweizidilactone C	b	aerial parts	(Huang et al., 2007b)
116	wuweizidilactone D	b	aerial parts	(Huang et al., 2007b)
117	wuweizidilactone E	b	aerial parts	(Huang et al., 2007b)
118	wuweizidilactone F	b	aerial parts	(Huang et al., 2007b)
119	2β-hydroxy-micrandilactone C	b	leaves and stems	(Wang et al., 2011)
120	schinchinenlactone A	b	stems and leaves	(Qiu et al., 2018)
121	schinchinenin A	b	stems and leaves	(Song et al., 2013)
122	rubriflordilactone B	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006c)
123	schinensin B	a	roots	(Tanaka et al., 2021)
124	henridilactone J	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
125	henridilactone k	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
126	lancifodilactone F	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2005a)
127	micrandilactone B	l	stems and leaves	(Li, 2005)
128	micrandilactone C	l	stems and leaves	(Li, 2005)
129	propindilactones k	o	stems	(Lei, 2009)
130	propindilactone L	o	stems	(Lei, 2009)
131	propindilactone M	o	stems	(Lei, 2009)
132	propindilactone O	o	stems	(Lei, 2009)
133	propindilactone P	o	stems	(Lei, 2009)
134	hydroxymicrandilactone C	b	stems	(Wang et al., 2011)
135	propincilactone E	o	stems	(Lei et al., 2008)
136	propincilactone F	o	stems	(Lei et al., 2008)
137	propincilactone G	o	stems	(Lei et al., 2008)
138	propincilactone H	o	stems	(Lei et al., 2008)
139	propincilactone I	o	stems	(Lei et al., 2008)
140	propincilactone J	o	stems	(Lei et al., 2008)
5.3.2. 18-Norschiartane
141	wuweizidilactone A	b	aerial parts	(Huang et al., 2007b)
142	wuweizidilactone B	b	aerial parts	(Huang et al., 2007b)
143	wuweizidilactone G	b	stems and leaves	(Huang et al., 2008)
144	wuweizidilactone H	b	stems and leaves	(Huang et al., 2008)
145	wuweizidilactone I	b	furits	(Xue et al., 2010)
146	19(R)-hydroxylwuwei-zidilactone H	b	furits	(Li et al., 2017)
147	propindilactone W	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
148	propindilactone X	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
149	propindilactone Y	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
150	schirbidilactone F	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010a)
151	rubriflordilactone A	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006c)
152	schinensin A	a	roots	(Tanaka et al., 2021)
153	wilsonianadilactone F	g	stems and leaves	(Yang et al., 2011)
154	henridilactone F	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
155	henridilactone G	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
156	henridilactone H	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
157	henridilactone I	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
158	wuwezidilactone Q	k	stems	(Liu et al., 2015)
159	wuwezidilactone R	k	stems	(Liu et al., 2015)
160	lancifodilactone A	k	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2002)
161	wuweizidilactone Q	c	stems and leaves	(Liu et al., 2017b)
5.3.3. Wuweiziartane and Lancischiartane
162	schintrilactone A	b	furits	(Huang et al., 2007c)
163	schintrilactone B	b	furits	(Huang et al., 2007c)
164	schintrilactone C	a	furits	(Jiang, 2011)
165	schintrilactone D	a	furits	(Jiang, 2011)
166	propintrilactone A	o	stems	(Lei et al., 2010)
167	propintrilactone B	o	stems	(Lei et al., 2010)
168	propintrilactone C	a	stems	(Jiang et al., 2011)
169	arisandilactone A	a	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010a)
170	schicagenin C	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
171	arisanlactone A	c	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
172	propinqtrilactone A	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
173	propinqtrilactone B	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
174	schilancitrilactone A	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
175	schilancidilactone A	k	stems and leaves	(Luo et al., 2009)
176	schilancidilactone B	k	stems and leaves	(Luo et al., 2009)
177	schilancitrilactone B	k	stems	(Luo et al., 2012)
178	schilancitrilactone C	k	stems	(Luo et al., 2012)
5.3.4. Preschisanartane
179	2β-hydroxyarisanlactone C	c	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
180	schindilactone D	c	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
181	schindilactone E	c	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
182	preschisanartanin A	c	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
183	preschisanartanin B	c	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
184	pre-schisanartanin A	b	aerial part	(Huang et al., 2007a)
185	pre-schisanartanin B	b	stems and leaves	(Huang et al., 2008)
186	preschisanartanin Q	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
187	preschisanartanin R	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
188	preschisanartanin S	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
189	preschisanartanin T	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
190	preschisanartanin U	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
191	preschisanartanin X	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
192	preschisanartanin V	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
193	preschisanartanin W	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
194	preschisanartanin Y	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
195	preschisanartanin Z	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
196	preschidilactone A	e	stems and leaves	(Hu et al., 2019)
197	pre-schisanartanin C	a	stems	(He, 2009)
198	pre-schisanartanin D	a	stems	(He, 2009)
199	pre-schisanartanin E	a	stems	(He, 2009)
200	pre-schisanartanin H	a	stems	(He, 2009)
201	pre-schisanartanin F	a	stems	(He, 2009)
202	pre-schisanartanin G	a	stems	(He, 2009)
203	pre-schisanartanin I	a	stems	(He, 2009)
204	pre-schisanartanin J	a	stems	(He, 2009)
205	schilancidilactone V	g	furits	(Gao et al., 2013)
206	schilancidilactone W	g	furits	(Gao et al., 2013)
207	henridilactone E	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
208	schisanartanin A	j	stems	(Zhou, 2018)
209	schisanartanin B	j	stems	(Zhou, 2018)
210	pre-schisanartanin P	c	stems and leaves	(Liu et al., 2017b)
5.3.5. 16,17-secopreschisanartane and 14,15-secopreschisanartan
211	schisdilactone H	b	stems	(Li et al., 2013a)
212	schisdilactone I	b	stems	(Li et al., 2013a)
213	schicagenin A	a	rattans	(Li et al., 2013b)
214	schicagenin F	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
215	schicagenin G	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
216	schicagenin H	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
217	isoschicagenin C	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
218	schicagenin B	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
219	lancifonin A	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2014)
220	lancifonin B	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2014)
221	lancifonin C	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2014)
222	lancifonin D	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2014)
223	schicagenin D	m	stems	(Liang et al., 2013b)
224	schicagenin E	m	stems	(Liang et al., 2013b)
225	schisdilactone J	a	stems	(Wang et al., 2012)
226	spiroschincarin A	j	furits	(Song et al., 2017)
227	spiroschincarin B	j	furits	(Song et al., 2017)
228	spiroschincarin C	j	furits	(Song et al., 2017)
229	spiroschincarin D	j	furits	(Song et al., 2017)
230	spiroschincarin E	j	furits	(Song et al., 2017)
5.3.6. Lancifoartane and 12,22-Cyclopreschisanartane
231	lancifonin E	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2014)
232	lancifonin F	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2014)
233	lancolide A	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2013)
234	lancolide C	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2013)
235	lancolide B	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2013)
236	lancolide D	k	stems	(Shi et al., 2013)
5.3.7. 14-Nor-16,17-secopreschis anartane and 15,17-Dicyclolancifoartan
237	schinesdilactone A	a	stems	(Wang et al., 2012)
238	schinesdilactone B	a	stems	(Wang et al., 2012)
239	schisphenin A	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
240	schisphenin B	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
241	schisphenin C	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
242	schisphenin D	a	stems	(Liang, 2013)
5.3.8. Pchisanartane
243	schinarisanlactone A	c	furits	(Lin et al., 2011)
244	arisanlactone B	c	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
245	arisanlactone C	c	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
246	arisanlactone D	c	furits	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
247	schindilactone A	b	aerial part	(Huang et al., 2007a)
248	schindilactone B	b	aerial part	(Huang et al., 2007a)
249	schindilactone C	b	aerial part	(Huang et al., 2007a)
250	schindilactone F	b	stems and leaves	(Huang et al., 2008)
251	sphenadilactone F	a	stems	(He, 2009)
252	lancifodilactone O	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010b)
253	lancifodilactone P	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010b)
254	lancifodilactone Q	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010b)
255	20-hydroxymicrandilactone D	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010c)
256	schindilactone G	b	stems and leaves	(Huang et al., 2008)
257	schindilactone H	b	furits	(Xue et al., 2010)
258	propindilactone V	o	stems and leaves	(Ding, 2018)
259	schirbidilactone A	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010a)
260	wilsonianadilactone D	g	stems and leaves	(Yang et al., 2011)
261	wilsonianadilactone E	g	stems and leaves	(Yang et al., 2011)
262	wilsonianadilactone B	g	stems and leaves	(Yang et al., 2008)
263	wilsonianadilactone C	g	stems and leaves	(Yang et al., 2008)
264	lancifodilactone L	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006a)
265	lancifodilactone M	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006a)
266	rubriflorin A	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007c)
267	rubriflorin B	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007c)
268	rubriflorin C	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007c)
269	rubriflorin D	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007a)
270	rubriflorin E	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007a)
271	rubriflorin F	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007a)
272	rubriflorin G	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007a)
273	rubriflorin H	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007a)
274	rubriflorin i	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007a)
275	rubriflorin J	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007a)
276	schirbidilactone B	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010a)
277	schirbidilactone C	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010a)
278	schirbidilactone D	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010a)
279	schirbidilactone E	e	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010a)
280	sphenadilactone A	a	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006d)
281	sphenadilactone B	a	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006d)
282	sphenalactone A	a	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007b)
283	sphenalactone B	a	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007b)
284	sphenalactone C	a	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007b)
285	sphenalactone D	a	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2007b)
286	sphenadilactone C	a	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2008)
287	sphenadilactone D	a	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2012)
288	sphenadilactone E	a	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2012)
289	wilsonianadilactone A	g	stems and leaves	(Yang et al., 2008)
290	schigrandilactone A	h	stems	(Xiao et al., 2009)
291	schigrandilactone B	h	stems	(Xiao et al., 2009)
292	schigrandilactone C	h	stems	(Xiao et al., 2009)
293	henridilactone A	i	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2004a)
294	henridilactone B	i	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2004a)
295	henridilactone C	i	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2004a)
296	henridilactone D	i	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2004a)
297	henridilactone L	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
298	henridilactone M	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
299	henridilactone N	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
300	henridilactone O	i	stems and leaves	(He et al., 2020)
301	lancifodilactone R	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2010b)
302	lancifodilactone I	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006a)
303	lancifodilactone J	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006a)
304	lancifodilactone L	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006a)
305	lancifodilactone N	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2006a)
306	lancifodilactone G	k	stems and leaves	(Xiao et al., 2005b)
307	lancifodilactone E	k	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2004b)
308	micrandilactone A	l	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2003a)
309	negleschidilactone A	m	stems	(Liang et al., 2013b)
310	negleschidilactone B	m	stems	(Liang et al., 2013b)
311	lancifodilactone D	k	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2004b)
312	lancifodilactone C	k	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2004b)
313	lancifodilactone B	k	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2004b)
5.3.9. 8,9-seco-12,22-cyclopreschisanartane and 9,23:12,22-Dicyclolancischiartane
314	schincalactone A	j	stems	(Song et al., 2018)
315	schincalactone B	j	stems	(Song et al., 2018)
316	schincalide A	j	stems	(Zhou, 2018)
317	schincalide B	j	stems	(Zhou et al., 2016)
5.3.10. Octanortriterpenoids and others
318	micranoic acid A	l	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2003b)
319	micranoic acid B	l	stems and leaves	(Li et al., 2003b)
320	11β-hydroxylkadsuphilactone A	p	stems	(Wang et al., 2016)
321	chinorlactone A	b	stems	(Yang et al., 2022)
5.4. Pentacyclic triterpenoids
322	oleanolic acid	a	furits	(Du, 2007)
323	β-Amyrin	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
324	taraxerol	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
325	maslinic acid	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
326	ursolic acid	h	stems	(Shi et al., 2012; Zong et al., 2013)
327	acetylursolic acid	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
328	2α, 3α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
329	corosolic acid	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
330	asiatic acid	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
331	2α, 3α, 23-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
332	23-hydroxyursolic acid	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
333	granditriol	h	stems	(Shi et al., 2016)
334	lupeol	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)
335	betulinic acid	h	stems	(Zong et al., 2013)

5.1

5.1 Lanostane

5.1.1

5.1.1 Intact lanostanes

The structural features of this type (1–19) of triterpenoids: the C-3 position is mainly substituted by carbonyl or hydroxyl group, and the double bonds in the ring are mostly in C-8 (9), C-9, and C-12 positions are mostly substituted by –OH. And most of the compounds are substituted by carbonyl group at C-3 position (Fig. 2).

5.1.2

5.1.2 3,4-Secolanostanes

The structure of these compounds is characterized by the breakage of the carbon bond at the C-3 and C-4 positions to open the ring, the formation of carboxylic acid at the C-3 position, in a few cases, the formation of carboxylic acid derivatives (20–72). The side chains are mainly 24(Z)-ene-26-acids or 22, 26-lactone rings. Most of the lanostane compounds isolated so far belong to this type (Fig. 3).

5.2

5.2 Cycloartane

The cycloartane triterpenes (73–79) are typically characterized by the ternary ring formed by C9 and C19 in their structural skeleton, and are distinguished from other types of triterpene structures by this. In this paper, we classify them into two categories, intact cycloartanes (Fig. 4) and 3,4-seco-cycloartanes (Fig. 5). The structural difference between these two types of cycloartanes is that the former has a carbonyl or hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, while the latter has a broken carbon bond at the C-3 and 4 positions to form a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic acid derivative at the C-3 position (80–114).

5.3

5.3 Nortriterpeonids

5.3.1

5.3.1 Schiartane

Schiartane (115–140) is the simplest class of nortriterpenes with a 7/6/5 ring system skeleton and possessing 29 carbon atoms. 26 compounds were obtained and their structures are shown in Fig. 6. The differences in the structure of the skeleton are: C-2 or C-16 are easily substituted with hydroxyl groups. Side chain ring formation: The hydroxyl group of C-22/C-23 and the carboxyl group of C-26 are dehydrated to form a six or five-membered lactone ring.

5.3.2

5.3.2 18-Norschiartane

The 18-Norschiartane type triterpenes (141–161), with a 7/6/5 carbon shelf parent nucleus, are presumably derived from the oxidative decarboxylation of the schiartane type Me-18 (Fig. 7). So far, 23 compounds of this type have been isolated. The difference between its structural features and those of schiartane: the hydroxyl group at C-13 can form a five-membered oxygen ring by intramolecular dehydration with the hydroxyl group at C-22, in addition to a six-membered oxygen ring by intramolecular dehydration with the hydroxyl group at C-23. The C-23 position has methoxy substitution of different orientations.

5.3.3

5.3.3 Wuweiziartane and lancischiartane

The wuweiziartane type (162–178) has a 7/5 carbon frame parent nucleus and the differences in skeletal structure are: Me-21 has a different conformation. 24,25 Carbon-carbon double bonds are partially present. C-30 has hydroxyl substitution. lancischiartane and wuweiziartane have the same planar structure, except for the absolute C-13 configuration, which is β- for wuweiziartane and α- for lancischiartane (Fig. 8).

5.3.4

5.3.4 Preschisanartane

Preschisanartane type (179–210), with a 7/8/3 carbon frame parent nucleus, are presumably derived from schiartane type triterpenes undergoing oxidative rearrangement of C-13, C-14, and cyclization of C-13, C-16 (Fig. 9). The structure is characterized by the easy introduction of hydroxyl groups at C-2, C-19, C-30 and the hydroxyl group introduced at the C-19 position has two conformations. Compound 94 has no oxygen bridge fragment.

5.3.5

5.3.5 16,17-Secopreschisanartane and 14,15-secopreschisanartan

The 16,17-secopreschisanartane type (211–225), presumably derived from preschisanartane type triterpenes by C-16, C-17 oxidative rearrangement (Fig. 10), is the only backbone type with a 7/8-carbon parent core and a 9-carbon side chain at present. C-2, C-8, C-19, C-30 are generally hydroxyl substituted. hydroxyl and methoxy are easily introduced at the C-15 position. The 14,15-Secopreschisanartan type (226–230) has a 1-oxospiro [6.6] tridecane system.C-22,23-position double bond conformation has both Z and E conformations.

5.3.6

5.3.6 Lancifoartane and 12,22-Cyclopreschisanartane

Lancifoartane (231–232), which possesses a 7/7-carbon nucleus and has a lactone bridge between C-9 and C-14, may be derived from 16,17-secopreschisanartane-type triterpenes by keto-alcohol condensation rearrangement. 12,22-Cyclopreschisanartane type (233–236), possessing a 7/8/3/5 carbon frame parent nucleus, presumably derived from preschisanartane type by oxidation and keto-alcohol condensation rearrangement reaction (Fig. 11).

5.3.7

5.3.7 14-Nor-16,17-secopreschis anartane and 15,17-Dicyclolancifoartan

The 14-Nor-16,17-secopreschisanartane type (237–238), which possesses a 7-carbon backbone parent nucleus, is derived from the 16,17-secopreschisanartane type by the removal of the C-14 atom after the 14,15 oxidative rearrangement reaction. 15,17-Dicyclolancifoartan type triterpenes (239–242), with [9.2.1.0^2.8] tetradecane system. So far, four of these compounds have been isolated. The specific structures are shown in Fig. 11.

5.3.8

5.3.8 Schisanartane

Schisanartane type (243–313), possessing a 7/8/5 carbon frame parent nucleus, presumably derived from the cyclic reaction at the C-16, C-22 positions of 16,17-secopreschisanartanes type triterpenes. The hydroxyl group is generally substituted on C-2, C-8, C-19, C-30. Double bond position: generally between C-1 and C-10, C-5 and C-6/C-10, C-8 and C-7/C-14, C-24 and C-25 positions (Fig. 12).

5.3.9

5.3.9 8,9-Seco-12,22-cyclopreschisanartane and 9,23:12,22-Dicyclolancischiartane

The 8,9-Seco-12,22-cyclopreschisanartane type (314–315) has a unique 5/5/6/11/3 ring system and is the first type with a characteristic thirteen-membered carbon ring structure found in Schisandraceae. The schincalactone A and B isolated from S. incarnata belong to this conformation. 9,23:12,22-Dicyclolancischiartane type, with a [5.2.1.01,6] decane system. Two compounds (316–317) of this type, schincalide A-B, were isolated so far and their chemical structures are shown in Fig. 13.

5.3.10

5.3.10 Octanortriterpenoids and others

The compounds micranoic acid A (318) and B (319) are highly degraded triterpenoids in which the fission of the C-17/C-20 bond is achieved by oxidation. 319 differed from 318 in which the Me-19 was replaced by a cyclopropyl methylene group. In addition, two other classes of triterpenes, 320 and 321, were isolated. Their chemical structures are shown in Fig. 14.

5.4

5.4 Pentacyclic triterpenoids

Pentacyclic triterpenes (322–335) are widely found in Chinese herbal medicine, which are triterpenoids consisting of five closed rings linked by six isoprene units as the parent, and the three categories of Oleanane, Ursane and Lupane are summarized in this paper. The structures are shown in Fig. 15.

6 Pharmacology of Schisandra spp

In recent years, the medicinal value of the Schisandra genus has gradually received attention from scholars, and the research on its chemical components and pharmacological effects has intensified. As one of the components with great potential for development, triterpenes have also received much attention in pharmacological effects, especially in hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and antitumor effects.

6.1

6.1 Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects

Wang et al. explored the effect of triterpenoid derivatives of S. chinensis on HDAC and NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle activity and found that the derivatives showed significant inhibition of HDAC with IC₅₀ of 1.139–10.558 μM and low cytotoxicity (CC₅₀ greater than 20 μM) against J774A.1 compared to HDAC inhibitor class of antitumor drugs, showing potential for development as potential for development as an anti-inflammatory immune drug. In addition, this class of derivatives modulates LPS and Nig levels and reduces IL-1β and caspase-1 expression (Wang, 2021a). A new triterpene, 11β-hydroxylkadsuphilactone A (320), was isolated from the stem of S. pubescens and the structure of the compound was determined through wave spectroscopy, while the hepatoprotective activity of the new triterpene against D-GalN-induced cell death of QSG7701 cells was later assessed. The test results showed that 11β-hydroxyl kadsuphilactone A (320) showed hepatoprotective activity at 10 μM with a survival rate of 60.5% (Silybin served as a positive control with a survival rate of 66.2 ± 4.0%) (Wang et al., 2016). Kang et al. investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of S. chinensis fruit (dose of 500 μg/mL) on the expression and production of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells and the possibility of SF having anti-inflammatory properties was investigated by determining the effect on the levels of NO, etc. The results showed that it significantly blocked the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and that this effect did not trigger a cytotoxic response (Kang, 2014). Similarly, Jeong et al. investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of S. chinensis fruit and found that the ethanolic extract of S. chinensis fruit inhibited the expression and activity of IL-1β-stimulated matrix proteases in SW1353 cells, and this effect may be related to the expression of nuclear factor-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/p38MAPK (Jeong, 2015).

A new triterpene propindilactone L (130) isolated from S. propinqua was found to significantly inhibit hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), which is the first report on the anti-hepatitis B virus effect of nortriterpenoids, and achieved good therapeutic effect with SI values of 2.68 and 1.11 (Lei, 2009). The compounds arisanlactone B (244) and D (246) were found to have a slight anti-inflammatory effect, with 22.24% and 18.47% inhibition of elastase at 10 μg/mL, correspondingly (Cheng et al., 2010b).

6.2

6.2 Anti-tumor effects

Gao et al. found that schilancidilactone V (205) isolated from S. wilsoniana had significant cytotoxic activity against oral epithelial carcinoma cells and breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 cells and was effective in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells with IC₅₀ values of 3.18 and 5.22 μmol/L in that order (with camptothecin as the positive control, IC₅₀ values of 1.62 and 2.18 μmol/L) (Gao et al., 2013). Tanaka et al. tested the anti-proliferative activity of triterpenoids from the roots of S. chinensis against human cancer cell lines A549 (lung cancer), RPMI8226 (leukemia), HeLa (uterine cancer) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells and showed that propiniclactone A (91), schinensin C (85), schinensin D (78) and schisanbilactone A (80), which are triterpenes with α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone moiety, showed more significant anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ values of 9.3–12.8 μM, and their activity was close to that of the positive drug Cisplatin (IC₅₀ of 8.5 μM) (Tanaka et al., 2021). Liu et al. performed human tumor cytotoxicity tests on 12-hydroxyschiglausin B (58) and 12-hydroxykadsuphilactone B (108) using the MTT method. The data showed that 12-hydroxykadsuphilactone B (108) had higher cytotoxic activity, with the strongest toxicity against HepG₂ cells with an IC₅₀ of 11.3 μM (Liu et al., 2018). Five new triterpenes, Schiglausins P-T (33–34, 8, 76, 105), were isolated from S. glaucescens fruit and tested for cytotoxicity by YU et al. Pharmacological experiments confirmed that all five compounds had toxic effects on B16 mouse melanoma cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 3.64 to 27.00 μM, exhibiting moderate inhibition of tumor cell proliferation (Doxorubicin hydrochloride as the positive control, IC₅₀ values of 2.61 μM) (Yu et al., 2016).

Pharmacological studies have shown that manwuweizic acid (20) inhibited lung cancer, brain tumour-22 and solid liver cancer in mice. Additionally, anwuweizonic acid (11) and nigranoic acid (103) also have been reported to have antitumor activity, showing high inhibition of human decidual cells and rat luteal cells (20 ug/ml for rat luteal cells and 40 ug/ml for human decidual cells). That is the first that a plant from the family Schisandraceae can inhibit these two tumor cells (Chen et al., 2001). S. chinensis extract can affect the function of the immune organs of the spleen and thymus and influence the activity of immune cells, thus enhancing the ability of the body to clear cancer cells. Hou et al. studied S. viridis as an anti-tumor active ingredient. Using the MTT assay, Fluorouracil (5-FU) was used as a positive control, and Schisanol (19) was found to have an inhibitory effect on human tongue cancer CAL27 cells with an IC₅₀ of 11.7 mg/mL. In further studies, Schisanol (19) was also shown to have toxic activity against human breast cancer MCF7 cells, with significant inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation (Hou et al., 2016).

6.3

6.3 Anti-HIV effects

At present, the use of anti-AIDS drugs remains the main response to AIDS and therefore anti-AIDS natural products have become the focus of scholarly attention in various countries. In recent years, researchers have conducted numerous studies on the biological activities, pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action of the fruits, roots and leaves of the genus Schisandra, leading to the isolation of a series of novel highly oxidized triterpenoids with anti-HIV effects. Xiao et al. isolated three new highly oxidized hypo triterpenoids rubriflorins A-C (266–268) from S. rubriflora, which have a unique A-ring opening feature. Pharmacological experiments showed that rubriflorins A-C (266–268) exhibited anti-HIV effects with EC₅₀ of 10.0–81.3 μg/mL (AZT as a positive control with EC₅₀ of 0.0043 µg/mL) (Xiao et al., 2007c). The compounds schisphendilactone A (84) and B (37) were isolated from S. sphenanthera by Liang et al. In vitro experiments demonstrated their significant anti-HIV effects. Their EC₅₀ values were 8.79 and 1.09 μg/mL respectively, while the positive control AZT EC₅₀ was 0.0053 μg/mL (Liang et al., 2013a).

Xiao et al. isolated two new triterpenes lancifodilactone F (126) and G (306) from S. lancifolia, and pharmacological experiments showed that both compounds had an anti-HIV activity with EC₅₀ values of 20.69 and 95.47 μg/mL, respectively (Xiao et al., 2005a; Xiao et al., 2005b). In 2015, the anti-HIV effect of S. chinensis was discovered and identified a lead compound, diphenylamine ester, with potent anti-HIV activity. Diphenylamine esters have low toxicity and a good broad spectrum and are effective against both experimental and clinical strains. It is currently undergoing preclinical studies and is expected to become a new class of anti-HIV drugs.

6.4

6.4 Neuroprotective effects

Researchers isolated 11 compounds from S. henryi and pharmacological assays revealed that only henridilactone O (300) exhibited moderate neuroprotective activity with a cell differentiation rate of 11.1% (He et al., 2020). It has been reported in the literature that S. chinensis extract prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal cell death and improves cognitive dysfunction in rats. The experimental data suggest that this is associated with an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, downstream molecules pERK, pATK and pCREB (Park et al., 2019). Jin et al. investigated the protective effect of an aqueous extract of S. chinensis on neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex of mice. The results illustrated that S. chinensis aqueous extract could improve the learning ability of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, enhance the number of nisin bodies, improve the cell quality of the cerebral cortex, and promote the survival of neural cells. In addition, mice treated with S. chinensis aqueous extract showed a decrease in MDA content and a significant increase in SOD content in the cerebral cortex. Its neuroprotective effect may be related to the reduction of damage caused by oxidative stress, and its mechanism of action should be further explored (Jin, 2017).

6.5

6.5 Immunomodulation effects

The triterpenoids schisanlatone C (30) showed selective inhibition of B-lymphocyte proliferation with IC₅₀ with 20.51 μM; the compounds schisanlactone B (70) and 3,4-seco-(24Z)-cyclo-4(28),24-diene-3,26-dioic-3-methyl ester (101) had a selective inhibitory effect on T-lymphocyte proliferation with an IC₅₀ range of 14.28–19.33 μM (positive control: cisplatin, IC₅₀ = 3.16 µg/mL); Propinic lactone A (111) had an inhibitory effect on both T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation with an IC₅₀ of 6.97–16.93 μM (positive control: 5-Fluorouracil, IC₅₀ = 8.48 μM). Among them, schisanlactone B (70) and 3,4-seco-(24Z)-cycloart-4(28),24-diene-3,26-dioic-3-methyl ester (101) specifically inhibited the proliferation of B lymphocytes by more than 90% (Qiu et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2017a ).

kadsudilactone A (109) showed moderate inhibition of ConA-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation with an IC₅₀ of 6.32 μM. Significant inhibition of LPS-induced B lymphocyte proliferation was observed with the same intensity as the positive drug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with an IC₅₀ of 11.49 μM (IC₅₀ of MMF was 17.8 μM). Moreover, there was no significant toxicity to mouse spleen lymphocytes at a concentration of 100 μM compared to the positive drugs CsA and MMF (Zhou, 2018). Studies have found that S. chinensis extract has a bidirectional immunomodulatory effect, on the one hand enhancing the secretion of immune cells and on the other hand, increasing the activity of related cells and accelerating the clearance of antigens (Chen, 2021).

6.6

6.6 Anti-oxidation activity

The intrinsically low levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) make immune cells more susceptible to damage from oxidative stress induced by high levels of glucose and free fatty acids. Thus, the high antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity of S. chinensis extracts play an invaluable role in protecting cells from dysfunction or death (Jo et al., 2011). The total triterpenoids of S. chinensis had a strong antioxidant capacity overall and there was an obvious quantitative-effect relationship. The total triterpene scavenging ability of S. chinensis stems and leaves were flowering > spreading > budding > deciduous, and only the total triterpene scavenging ability of vine stems was spreading > flowering > budding > deciduous. The reducing ability of total triterpenes of S. chinensis stems and leaves were stronger than VE and weaker than VC, and the antioxidant ability of stems was the strongest compared with other parts (Wang, 2021b). The scavenging ability of S. chinensis vine stem triterpenes on DPPH radicals was correlated with the concentration of added triterpenes, the higher the added amount, the stronger the scavenging capacity, with an IC₅₀ of 0.077 mg/mL, and the IC₅₀ of the positive control VC was 0.692 mg/mL. Besides, there was an inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation (Li, 2012).

6.7

6.7 Antimicrobial activity

The ethanolic extract of S. chinensis has been reported to have an antibacterial effect. In recent years, it has been found to have a significant inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli, and the extract has shown good stability to heat treatment (Zou et al., 2011; Chen, 2018). In vitro inhibition experiments showed that the total triterpenes of S. chinensis leaves had some inhibitory effect on bacteria, but not on Candida albicans. The inhibitory ability against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more pronounced and weaker against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The MIC of the total triterpenes of the stem and leaves of S. chinensis at different periods ranged from 0.63 to 5.00 mg/mL and the MBC from 2.50 to 20.00 mg/mL, and the growth rate and cycle of the bacteria were effectively limited (Zhou, 2018).

6.8

6.8 Insecticidal activity

Jiang et al. screened the insecticidal activity of triterpenes from S. chinensis and found that manwuweizic acid (20) showed toxic to Aphis gossypii and Plutella xylostella with a pest mortality rate of 66% (Jiang, 2011). The compounds acetyl ursolic acid (327), 2α, 3α-dihydroxy urs-12-en-28-oic acid (328) and corosolic acid (329) exhibited significant cytotoxicity against marine shrimp larvae with IC₅₀ of 17.0–25.2 μM. Preliminary structure–activity relationship studies indicated that the 3-position hydroxylation of the arcane-type triterpene acids and acetylation of the urethane-type triterpene acids could greatly enhance their insecticidal activity (Zong et al., 2013).

6.9

6.9 Others

Ding et al. isolated a series of triterpenoids with good activity from S. chinensis, among which propindilactone Z (107) and schipropinqua acid J (75) showed moderate inhibitory activity against COLL-induced platelet aggregation in rabbits with 12.6 ± 4.5 and 10.4 ± 9.5, respectively, as inhibition percentage (%) (Ding, 2018). The research reports that the compound manwuweizic acid (20) obtained from S. propinqua exhibited cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitory activity with 19.2% inhibition (Liu et al., 1989). Scholars conducted in vitro cytotoxicity experiments with anwuweizonic acid (11) and manwuweizic acid (20). The data showed that the mortality rate of the human metaphase cell line and murine corpus luteum cell line exceeded 98.5% after the addition of 20 and 40 mg/mL of both triterpenes. This indicated that the triterpenes had strong cytotoxic activity against the human metaphase cell line and murine luteal cell line and had anti-reproductive effects (Chen et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2001 ). All the pharmacological effects of this genus are summarized in Table 4 (active: IC₅₀ < 10 μM; moderately active: 10 μM < IC₅₀ < 20 μM; not active: IC₅₀ greater than 20 μM).

Table 4 Pharmacology Activities of Kadsura.

Pharmacologic Action	Effective Fraction/ Compounds	Model	Response and Critical Assessment	Target or Possible Mechanism	Ref
Anti-inflammation effects	niqranoic acid derivatives	Macrophage J774A.1	IC₅₀ = 1.139–10.558 μM (Inhibition of IL-1β and caspase-1)	LPS and Nig↑, IL-1β and caspase-1↓	(Wang, 2021a)
	niqranoic acid derivatives	Macrophage J774A.1	IC₅₀ = 1.139–10.558 μM (Inhibition of IL-1β and caspase-1)		(Wang, 2021a)
	11β-hydroxylkadsuphilactone A	QSG7701 cells	survival rates of 60.5%	p38 MAPK↓, Increases intracellular glucocorticoid levels, p38 MAPK-C/EBPβ pathway	(Wang et al., 2016)
	11β-hydroxylkadsuphilactone A	QSG7701 cells	survival rates of 60.5%		(Wang et al., 2016)
	propindilactone L	HepG 2.2.15cells	SI value of 2.68 and 1.11 (Inhibition of HBsAg, HBeAg)	Not mentioned	(Lei, 2009)
	propindilactone L	HepG 2.2.15cells	SI value of 2.68 and 1.11 (Inhibition of HBsAg, HBeAg)
	propindilactone N	HepG 2.2.15cells	SI value of 1.62 (HBsAg)
	arisanlactone B	Human neutrophils	Inhibition rate of 22.24%	Inhibition of superoxide anion production and elastase release by neutrophils	(Cheng et al., 2010b)
	arisanlactone B		Inhibition rate of 22.24%
	arisanlactone D		Inhibition rate of 18.47% (Inhibition of elastase)
	arisanlactone D		Inhibition rate of 18.47% (Inhibition of elastase)
	schisanbilactone A	LPS-induced NO production	IC₅₀ = 10.6 μM	Inhibiting NO	(Song et al., 2015)
Anti-tumor effects	schilancidilactone V	KB	IC₅₀ = 3.18 μmol/L	Not mentioned	(Gao et al., 2013)
		MDA-MB-231 cells	IC₅₀ = 5.22 μmol/L
		HL-60	IC₅₀ = 11.5 μmol/L (Inhibits tumor cell proliferation)
	schilancidilactone W	KB	IC₅₀ = 8.21 μmol/L
		MDA-MB-231 cells	IC₅₀ = 12.44 μmol/L
		HL-60	IC₅₀ = 4.15 μmol/L
	propinic lactone A	MCF-7 cells	IC₅₀ = 9.3–12.8 μM (Inhibits tumor cell proliferation)	Key groups: α, β-unsaturalted δ-lactone moiety	(Tanaka et al., 2021)
	schinensin C
	schinensin D
	schisanbilactone A
	12-hydroxy schiglausin B	HepG2 cells	IC₅₀ = 14.0 μM	Not mentioned	(Liu et al., 2018)
	12-hydroxy kadsuphilactone B	HepG2 cells	IC₅₀ = 11.3 μM (positive control: Doxorubicin 0.02 μM)	Not mentioned	(Liu et al., 2018)
	anwuweizonic acid	human decidual cells and rat luteal cells	Effective inactivation rate: 98.5–100 %	Not mentioned	(Chen et al., 2001)
	nigranoic acid	human decidual cells and rat luteal cells	Effective inactivation rate: 98.5–100 %	Not mentioned	(Chen et al., 2001)
	schisanol	human tongue cancer CAL27 cells	IC₅₀ of 11.7 mg/mL	C-2 and C-3 positions and removal of hydroxyl at C-7 greatly enhancedthe activity	(Hou et al., 2016)
	schisanol	human breast cancer MCF7 cells	IC₅₀ of 10.6 mg/mL (Medium activity)		(Hou et al., 2016)
	schisphenthin A	HepG2 cells	IC₅₀ = 18.12–49.52 μM (Medium activity)	Not mentioned	(Liu et al., 2017a)
	schisphenthin C
	schisanlactone H
	propinic lactone A
	3β-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24Z-dien-26-oic acid	Cdc25A phosphatase	inhibitory rates of 85.5% (significant inhibition)	Not mentioned	(Zhao et al., 2020)
	3,4-seco-(24Z)-cycloart-4(28),24-diene- 3,26-dioic-3-methyl ester	Lung cancer A-549 cells	IC₅₀ = 28.11 ± 1.49 μM	Not mentioned	(Ding, 2018)
		Liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells	IC₅₀ = 25.33 ± 1.39 μM
		Liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells	IC₅₀ = 25.33 ± 1.39 μM
	schigrandilactone A	K562 cells	IC₅₀ = 0.13 μg/mL	Not mentioned	(Xiao et al., 2009)
	schigrandilactone A	HepG2 cells	IC₅₀ = 0.19 μg/mL
	schigrandilactone B	K562 cells	IC₅₀ = 3.19 μg/mL
	schigrandilactone B	HepG2 cells	IC₅₀ = 0.20 μg/mL (significant cytotoxicity)
	6-hydroxyl schiglausin A	BGC-823 cells	IC₅₀ = 7.3 μM	Not mentioned	(Wang et al., 2021)
	6-hydroxyl schiglausin A	W480 cells	IC₅₀ = 7.9 μM (significant cytotoxicity)	Not mentioned	(Wang et al., 2021)
Anti-HIV effects	rubriflorin A	C8166 cells	EC₅₀ of 10.0–81.3 microg/mL	Not mentioned	(Xiao et al., 2007c)
	rubriflorin B
	rubriflorin C
	schisphendilactone A	C8166 cells	EC₅₀ = 8.79 μg/mL	Not mentioned	(Liang et al., 2013a)
	schisphendilactone B	C8166 cells	EC₅₀ = 1.09 μg/mL	Not mentioned	(Liang et al., 2013a)
	lancifodilactone F	C8166 cells	EC₅₀ = 20.69 μg/mL	Not mentioned	(Xiao et al., 2005a; Xiao et al., 2005b)
	lancifodilactone G	C8166 cells	EC₅₀ = 95.47 μg/mL
	lancifodilactone G	C8166 cells	EC₅₀ = 95.47 ± 14.19 μg/mL (Low activity)
	rubriflorin D	C8166 cells	EC₅₀ = 19.1 μg/mL AZT as apositive control (EC₅₀ = 0.0043 ug/mL)	Not mentioned	(Xiao et al., 2007a)
Neuro- protective effects	henridilactone E	PC12 cells	survival rate is 67.39%		(He et al., 2020)
	henridilactone E	PC12 cells	survival rate is 67.39%	Not mentioned
	henridilactone O	PC12 cells	survival rate is 64.52% positive control: desipramine (DIM)	Not mentioned
	S. chinensis extract	PC12 cells	75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day	Increase in downstream molecules pERK, pATK and pCREB	(Park et al., 2019)
	S. chinensis extract	C57BL/6 mice	10、30、50 mg/kg	MDA content decreased and SOD content increased	(Jin, 2017)
Immunomodulation effects	schisanlatone C	B lymphocytes	IC₅₀ = 20.51 μM	Inhibits proliferation of T and B lymphocytes	(Chen, 2021)
	schisanlatone C	B lymphocytes	IC₅₀ = 20.51 μM
	schisanlactone B	T lymphocytes	IC₅₀ = 14.28–19.33 μM (moderate inhibitory)
	3,4-seco-(24Z)-cycloart-4(28),24-diene- 3,26-dioic-3-methyl ester

	kadsudilactone A	ConA-induced T-lymphocyte	IC₅₀ of 6.32 μM	Inhibits proliferation of T and B lymphocytes	(Zhou, 2018)
	kadsudilactone A	LPS-induced B lymphocytes	IC₅₀ of 11.49 μM	Inhibits proliferation of T and B lymphocytes	(Zhou, 2018)
Anti-bacterial activity	ethanolic extract of S. chinensis	Staphylococcus aureus	The diameter of the inhibition circle is 11.3–19.3 mm	Not mentioned	(Zou et al., 2011; Chen, 2018)
		Trichoderma
		Salmonella typhi
		Escherichia coli
	total triterpenes of S. chinensis leaves	Staphylococcus aureus	MIC was 0.63–5.00 mg/mL and MBC was 2.50–20.00 mg/mL	Not mentioned	(Zhou, 2018)
		Staphylococcus aureus
		Escherichia coli
Insecticidal activity	manwuweizic acid	Aphis gossypii	Mortality rate of 66% (moderate inhibitory)	Not mentioned	(Jiang, 2011)
		Plutella xylostella	Mortality rate of 66% (moderate inhibitory)	Not mentioned	(Jiang, 2011)
	acetylursolic acid	marine shrimp larvae	IC₅₀ of 17.0–25.2 μM	Not mentioned	(Zong et al., 2013)
	2α, 3α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid
	corosolic acid
	micranoic B	Plutella xylostella	mortality rate of 66% (Medium activity)	Not mentioned	(Jiang, 2011)
	micranoic B	Cotton worms	mortality rate of 66% (Medium activity)	Not mentioned	(Jiang, 2011)
Anti-platelet aggregation	propindilactone Z	rabbits	Inhibition rate = 12.6 ± 4.5%	Not mentioned	(Ding, 2018)
	schipropinqua acid J		Inhibition rate = 14.2 ± 11.0%
	23-hydroxyursolic acid		Inhibition rate = 10.4 ± 9.5% (moderate inhibitory)
	lancolide A	PAF-induced aggregation	IC₅₀ = 79.95 μg/mL	Best activity at 100 μg/ml	(Shi et al., 2013)
	lancolide D	PAF-induced aggregation	IC₅₀ = 52.56 μg/mL	Best activity at 100 μg/ml	(Shi et al., 2013)
Anti-oxidation activity	lancifonin E	Caco-2 cells	EC₅₀ = 0.26 mM	Blocking phosphorylation of JNK 1/2/3 MAPK in CaCO-2 cells	(Shi et al., 2014)
cytotoxicity	henrischinin A	HSV-2	SI = 23.31	The acetyl and hydroxyl groups of C-25 may be crucial for the role of triterpenoids in the inhibition of HSV-2 and adenovirus.	(Song et al., 2013)
	henrischinin B		SI = 29.55
	henrischinin C		SI = 19.49
	schinchinenin A	Adenovirus	SI = 13.75
	schinchinenin G		SI = 11.43
	henrischinin A		SI = 13.67
	henrischinin B		SI = 11.45 (most active inhibitor of HSV-2)
	kadsuphilactone A	SMMC-7721 cell lines	IC₅₀ = 29.9 μM	Not mentioned	(He et al., 2012)
		A549 cell lines	IC₅₀ = 32.5 μM
		MCF-7 cell lines (modest cytotoxicity)	IC₅₀ = 24.4 μM

7 Treatment potential

7.1

7.1 Liver injury

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes simple fatty liver and the evolution of steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer from it. Up to now, its pathogenesis is still unclear, and treatment is mainly through lipid-lowering, alleviation of insulin resistance and anti-oxidative stress to alleviate NAFLD. The hepatoprotective active component of S. chinensis, triterpenes 19R-hydroxylwuwei-zidilactone H (146), had significant effects on hepatic lesions, and such components showed significant alleviation of high-fat diet-induced NASH in rats and also modulated related enzyme activities, thus providing relief from NAFLD (Li et al., 2017). Researchers found that total triterpenes of S. chinensis had significant intervention effects on both acute and chronic liver injury induced by alcohol intake. It is speculated that the mechanism of action may be to alleviate the lipid peroxidation triggered by ethanol metabolism, scavenge oxygen free radicals and protect cellular organelles. Secondly, it regulates the expression of CYP2E1, a key enzyme in ethanol metabolism, and reduces its activity to improve the liver injury caused by alcohol intake (Zhu, 2014). Leng et al (Leng, 2015). used S. chinensis to treat patients with drug-induced liver injury, with Silybin Meglumine as the control group, both treated for two courses of treatment (one course of treatment is 30 days). Clinical results showed that the total effective rate of the treatment group (86.67%) was better than that of the control group (73.33%), and there was a significant difference between the two groups, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In addition, it can effectively reduce alanine transferase, aspartate transferase and alkaline phosphatase, and significantly improve liver function, which is worth applying and popularizing in the clinic.

7.2

7.2 Diabetes

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the accumulation of glycosylation end-products in the body cause apoptosis in kidney cells, leading to hyperglycemia in diabetes. It was found that ursolic acid (326) could scavenge early ROS production and prevent apoptosis due to hyperglycemia. In addition, ursolic acid (326) has mimetic and insulin-sensitizing activities and promotes insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. It has a positive effect on insulin-mediated signaling and the translocation of glucose transporter 4 in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Oh et al., 2007; Jung et al., 2007).

7.3

7.3 Cardiovascular disease

The literature reports that oleanolic acid (322) and corosolic acid (329) are the main pentacyclic triterpenes against cardiovascular diseases. Scholars conducted experiments using ex vivo perfusion of rat atria. The results showed that oleanolic acid (322) treated with 10–30 mg/kg-d could increase the secretion and synthesis of ANP induced by atrial myocardial traction and achieve the purpose of regulating cardiovascular homeostasis. It also reversed the ox-LDL-induced cell proliferation inhibition and exerted anti-atherosclerotic effects (Kim et al., 2013; Pan et al., 2018). Sun et al. obtained derivatives by hydroxyl esterification of corosolic acid (329), which have different degrees of inhibition on glycogen phosphorylase and play a role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and other diseases (Sun et al., 2009). Xu et al. explored the clinical effect of S. chinensis in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, and the results showed that the number of premature beats of patients treated with S. chinensis was significantly less than that of the control group (Amiodarone Hydrochloride Tablets), the total effective rate of treatment in the treatment group was 97.06%, which was higher than that of the control group (82.35%), and the difference was statistically significant. Demonstrates its potential for the treatment of arrhythmia (Xu et al., 2018). The main pharmacological activities and mechanisms of the triterpenes of S. chinensis and the related therapeutic potential are shown in Fig. 16.

Major pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of triterpenes from genus Schisandra.

8 Exploitation

The genus Schisandra is named after the fruit's sweet, sour, pungent, bitter, and salty flavors. It is native to China and other parts of East Asia. The fruits of most species in this genus are edible and have cough-relieving properties. Its leaves and seeds can extract aromatic oil, which can be used as industrial raw materials and lubricants. The stem bark is pliable and can be used for rope. Due to their attractive leaves and flowers, these plants are also popular as ornamental plants. In addition, Schisandra plants are valued for their medicinal properties. They have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including coughs, asthma and liver disease.

8.1

8.1 New drug development

A variety of monomeric compounds in the genus Schisandra are rich in the structural skeleton, and their pharmacological activities are also rich and diverse, which are important discoveries beyond the traditional functions. It is of great significance to the clinical practice of TCM and the development of new drug varieties in Chinese medicine. Modern studies have shown that micranoic acid B (319), a cyclic pineapple alkane type hypo triterpene isolated from the stem of S. pubescens, has good antitumor activity, with significant cytotoxic effects against several types of human cancer cells, including lung cancer (A549), prostate cancer (PC-3), and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB and KBvin), with GI50 of 4.07 ∼ 4.40 μg/mL. It is shown to have potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer and has positive implications for the preparation of antitumor drugs. This finding highlights the potential of S. pubescens as a source of natural compounds with significant antitumor properties (Lu et al., 2016). Li et al. isolated a new 3,4-secolanostane from S. sphenanthera, which has a novel structure, easy extraction and isolation method, and relatively high content of the obtained compound, which is conducive to its further pharmacological study and creates conditions for the development of new antitumor and anti-AIDS drugs with good efficacy and low side effects (Li et al., 2008).

8.2

8.2 Economic importance

Schisandra genus is a dual-use food material with nutritional value and healthcare effects and has been widely used in the food industry. Yang et al. investigated the application of extracts of S. wilsoniana in cigarettes and found that various components of S. wilsoniana, such as triterpenes, their lactones, and flavonoids, are commonly used as aroma components in tobacco. In this regard, a preliminary analysis of the extraction process optimization and the effect of the additive on harmful substances in a cigarette was carried out, and the results showed that the additive can improve cigarette quality, scavenge free radicals and reduce the content of harmful components in cigarette smoke (Yang, 2008; Li et al., 2016). According to a study by Russian scholar Vikorov, the fruit of Schisandra contains 1.1 mg of anti-aging substances in 100 ml of juice, indicating its high nutritional value (Wang and Zhang, 2003). Therefore, Schisandra fruit is becoming an important raw material for food and beverage production abroad, and there are precedents for its application in Eastern Europe. In addition, it is also used in the dye and cosmetic industries (Wang and Chen, 2007; Zheng et al., 2020).

With the continuous research on the Schisandra genus, its functions and values are increasing with each passing day, and with its wide distribution and abundant resources, it shows enormous exploitation value for exploitation. On the whole, Schisandra spp. has economic and cultural importance in China and other parts of Asia.

9 Discussion, development status and prospects

Schisandra genus is widely distributed in East Asia that has a long history of use in traditional medicine and has given rise to many related medical prescriptions in Chinese folklore. The best-known and most widely studied species of this genus are S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis, renowned for their adaptogenic and hepatoprotective properties. Among them, triterpenoids are dominant in S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis and also represent an essential component of compounds in the genus Schisandra, which have been investigated broadly for their potential health benefits. After years of research, more than 335 triterpenoids have been identified from the genus Schisandra with diverse chemical structures, especially in recent years, a large quantity of highly oxygenated descending triterpenes have been extracted and isolated from this genus, greatly enriching the composition of triterpenoids. It can be seen from Fig. 17 that nortriterpeonids have the largest percentage of triterpenoids in the genus Schisandra. This class of compounds has good anti-tumor and anti-HIV activities. It has been developed and explored by several scholars for new drugs and has received patents. Moreover, its hypolipidemic, enzyme activity-regulating and kidney cell-protecting effects have positive effects on the prevention and treatment of liver damage and diabetes. Triterpenoids have proved to be a promising source of valuable natural compounds that deserve further research and development.

Distribution of triterpenoids in the Schisandra genus.

The pharmacological activities of the triterpenoid components in the Schisandra genus are mainly antitumor, anti-HIV, antioxidant and hepatoprotective (Fig. 18). Some studies suggest that it may also help improve cognitive function, enhance immunity, and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders. One area of focus is the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the Schisandra genus, which have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory signaling pathways and reducing the production and release of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, in combination with protecting cells from oxidative stress. These properties make it effective in the treatment of liver disease, acute inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. In clinical practice, it is often found in the form of traditional formulations. Its roots, stems, leaves and fruits are used as raw materials and are commonly available in the dosage forms of wine, pills and tablets.

Major biological properties of the triterpenoids of the genus Schisandra.

Although research on the genus Schisandra is promising, however, there are several areas still in need of further study. First, the genus is rich in triterpenoid species and has been extensively reported in the literature, but there are few kinds of literature reports on S. plena and S. tomentella in this genus (Fig. 19 and Fig. 20). Besides, the vine stems, roots and fruits from this genus have been well studied, while the study of other parts is relatively blank. Therefore, a comprehensive research program should have built to systematically study this genus to enrich the chemical composition of triterpenoids of this genus. Secondly, to strengthen the research on monomeric compounds, schisanlactone H from S. sphenanthera has significant inhibitory activity against either HIV or tumor cells, which is expected to be the next generation of anti-tumor drugs. Therefore, in-depth exploration of monomeric compounds with good physiological activity is an essential source of avenues for new drug development and drug preparation, which plays an essential role in the development of innovative drugs. Third, although the activity of triterpenoids of this genus has been widely studied, it is necessary to note that most of its activity tests have been performed in animal models or in vitro, while the mechanism of its action is still unknown (As shown in Table 4, there are relative gaps in mechanistic studies for most compounds). In this regard, more research data are necessary to confirm the confidence of its activity and to continue exploring its mechanism of action and potential side effects. Fourth, its clinical application has some limitations, and its therapeutic potential can be improved by using modern technological tools and developing new formulations and delivery systems. Its potential interactions with other drugs should also be investigated to ensure the safety of Schisandra's use. Fifthly, the genus Schisandra is rich in resources, most of the plants are for medicinal or edible purposes and have received scholarly attention for their potential health effects. Appropriate commercial products can be developed, such as health products, beverages, skin care products, etc.

Relative percentages of all published chemical and biological reports for each species.

Percentage distribution of triterpenoids in each species.

All of the above shows that triterpenoids have an indispensable position in the genus Schisandra, with a variable chemical structure and rich biological activity, which has long been the focus of researchers' attention. It has been used in clinical treatment, drug development and the food industry, contributing well to human health and economic development. In this paper, we systematically introduce the recent research on triterpenoids and present our views, hoping to provide scientific data to further explore their potential biological activities and develop first-in-class drugs and novel commercial products in the future.

Author contributions

All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82174111, 82104368), Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department Project (2021JQ-744), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Postgraduate Innovation Program (2021CX06) and Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Project (2019-YL12), and Sci-Tech Innovation Talent System Construction Program of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine(2023-CXTD-05).

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

Cao Z., Zhang Y., . Development of compound healthy tea with Schisandra chinensis. Heilongjiang Agri Sci.. 2012;10:118-121.
[Google Scholar]
Chen J., . Studies on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of stems of Schisandra incarnata from Muyu town in Hubei. Huazhong Univ Sci Technol. 2021
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Chen Y.G., Qin G.W., Cao L., . Triterpenoid acids from Schisandra propinqua with cytotoxic effect on rat luteal cells and human decidual cells in vitro. Fitoterapia.. 2001;72:435-437.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Chen Y.G., Qin G.W., Cao L., Leng Y., Xie Y.Y., . Triterpenoid acids from Schisandra propinqua with cytotoxic effect on rat luteal cells and human decidual cells in vitro. Fitoterapia.. 2001;72:435-437.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Chen Y.G., Lin Z.E., Cao L., Sun H.D., Qin G.W., Xie Y.Y., . Antifertility triterpenoid acids from Kadsura angustifolia. Chin J Mod Appl Pharm.. 2002;19:103-105.
[Google Scholar]
Chen, W.Y., 2018. Research on antibacterial activity of Schisandra chinensis extracts [J]. Pesticide Science and Administration. 39, 53-56+61.
Cheng Y.B., Liao T.C., Lo I.W., Chen Y.C., Kuo Y.C., Chen S.-Y., Shen Y.C., . Arisandilactone A, a new triterpenoid from the fruits of Schisandra arisanensis. Org Lett.. 2010;12:1016-1019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Cheng Y.B., Liao T.C., Lo Y.W., Chen Y.C., Kuo Y.C., Chen S.Y., Chien C.Y., Hwang T.L., Shen Y.C., . Nortriterpene lactones from the fruits of Schisandra arisanensis. J Nat Prod.. 2010;73:1228-1233.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ding W.P., . Studies on the secondary metabolites and bioactivities of Schisandra propingua var. propinqua. Yunnan Univ; 2018. [Dissertation]
Du J.L., . Studies on bioactive constituents of three species of medicinal plants [Dissertation]. Naval: Medical Univ; 2007.
Gao X.M., Li Y.Q., Shu L.D., Shen Y.Q., Yang L.Y., Yang L.M., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., Xiao W.L., Hu Q.F., . New Triterpenoids from the fruits of Schisandra wilsoniana and their biological activities. Bull Korean Chem Soc.. 2013;34:827-830.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gao J.F., Liu C.S., . Overview of research on the medicinal resources of conman Magnolcavine fruit. Guide China Med.. 2010;8:66-69.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Guo S.S., Pang X., Wang Y., Geng Z.F., Cao J.Q., Liang J.Y., Du S.S., . Chemical constituents isolated from stems of Schisandra chinensis and their antifeedant activity against Tribolium castaneum. Nat Prod Res.. 2019;3:1-7.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Guo H.J., Qi Y.D., Li X.W., Zhang B.G., Liu H.T., Xiao P.G., . Progress of traditional application of Schisandraceae plants and the systematic research on them. World Chin Med.. 2015;10:1133-1138.
[Google Scholar]
He F., Li X.Y., Yang G.Y., Li X.N., Luo X., Zou J., Yan L., Xiao W.L., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpene constituents from Schisandra sphenanthera. Tetrahedron.. 2012;68:440-446.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
He T.B., Yan B.C., Hu K., Li X.N., Sun H.D., Puno P.T., . Neuroprotective schinortriterpenoids with diverse scaffolds from Schisandra henryi. Bioorg Chem.. 2020;105:104353
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
He, F., 2009. Chemical constituents of three medicinal plants with their biological activities [Dissertation]. Kunming Institute of Botany.
Hou X., Deng J., Zhang Q., Wang D., Kennedy D., Quinn R.J., Feng Y., . Cytotoxic ethnic Yao medicine Baizuan, leaves of Schisandra viridis A. C. Smith. J Ethnopharmacol.. 2016;194:146-152.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Hu K., Li X.R., Tang J.W., Li X.N., Puno P.T., . Structural determination of eleven new preschisanartane-type schinortriterpenoids from two Schisandra species and structural revision of preschisanartanin J using NMR computation method. Chin J Nat Medicine.. 2019;17:970-981.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Huang S.X., Li R.T., Liu J.P., Lu Y., Chang Y., Lei C., Xiao W.L., Yang L.B., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Isolation and characterization of biogenetically related highly oxygenated nortriterpenoids from Schisandra chinensis. Org Lett.. 2007;9:2079-2082.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Huang Z.H., Qin L.P., . Chemical constituents from canes of Schisandra sphenanthera. Chin Trad Herb Drugs.. 2016;47:3374-3378.
[Google Scholar]
Huang S.X., Yang L.B., Xiao W.L., Lei C., Liu J.P., Lu Y., Sun H.D., . Wuweizidilactones A-F: Novel highly oxygenated nortriterpenoids with unusual skeletons isolated from Schisandra chinensis. Chemistry.. 2007;13:4816-4822.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Huang S.X., Yang J., Huang H., Li L.M., Xiao W.L., Li R.T., Sun H.D., . Structural characterization of schintrilactone, a new class of nortriterpenoids from Schisandra chinensis. Org Lett.. 2007;9:4175-4178.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Huang S.X., Han Q.B., Lei C., Pu J.X., Xiao W.L., Yu J.L., Sun H.-D., . Isolation and characterization of miscellaneous terpenoids of Schisandra chinensis. Tetrahedron.. 2008;64:4260-4267.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Jeong J.W., Lee H.H., Choi E.O., Lee K.W., Kim K.Y., Kim S.G., Hong S.H., Kim G.Y., Park C., Kim H.K., Choi Y.W., Choi Y.H., . Schisandrae fructus inhibits IL-1β-induced matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators production in SW1353 human chondrocytes by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK activation. Drug Dev Res.. 2015;76:474-483.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Jiang J.W., . Dictionary of Medicinal Plants. Tianjin, China: Tianjin Science and Technology Press; 2005.
Jiang Y., . Studies on the chemical constituents and biological activities of Schisandra sphenanthera [Dissertation]. South-Central Minzu Univ; 2011.
Jiang Y., Yang G.Z., Chen Y.G., Liao M.C., Liu X.M., Chen S., Liu L., Lei X.X., . Terpenes from Schisandra sphenanthera. Helv Chim Acta.. 2011;94:491-496.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Jin Y.J., . Protective effect of Schisandrae water extract on neuronal cells from cortex in APP/PS1 mice. J Liaoning Univ Trad Chin Med.. 2017;19:30-33.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Jo S.H., Ha K.S., Moon K.S., Lee O.H., Jang H.D., Kwon Y.I., . In vitro and in vivo anti-hyperglycemic effects of Omija (Schizandra chinensis) fruit. Int J Mol Sci.. 2011;12:1359-1370.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Jose L.P., Patricia D.A., . The family Schisandraceae: a new record for the flora of Mexico. Brittonia.. 1998;50:87-90.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Jung S.H., Ha Y.J., Shim E.K., Choi S.Y., Jin J.L., Yun-Choi H.S., Lee J.R., . Insulin-mimetic and insulin-sensitizing activities of a pentacyclic triterpenoid insulin receptor activator. Biochem J.. 2007;403:243-250.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kang Y.S., Han M.H., Hong S.H., Park C., Hwang H.J., Kim B.W., Kyoung K.H., Choi Y.W., Kim C.M., Choi Y.H., . Anti-inflammatory effects of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill fruit through the inactivation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages. J Cancer Prev.. 2014;19:279-287.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kim H.Y., Cho K.W., Kang D.G., Lee H.S., . Oleanolic acid increases plasma ANP levels via an accentuation of cardiac ANP synthesis and secretion in rats. Eur J Pharmacol.. 2013;710:73-79.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lei C., Huang S.X., Chen J.J., Yang L.B., Xiao W.L., Chang Y., Lu Y., Huang H., Pu J.X., Sun H.D., . Propindilactones E-J, schiartanenortriterpenoids from Schisandra propinqua var.propinqua. J Nat Prod.. 2008;7:1228-1232.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lei C., Pu J.X., Huang S.X., Chen J.J., Sun H.D., . A class of 18(13→14)-abeo-schiartane skeleton nortriterpenoids from Schisandra propinqua var. propinqua. Tetrahedron.. 2009;65:164-170.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lei C., Xiao W.L., Huang S.X., Chen J.J., Sun H.D., . Pre-schisanartanins C-D, propintrilactones A-B, two classes of new nortriterpenoids from Schisandra propinqua var. propinqua. Tetrahedron.. 2010;66:2306-2310.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Leng Y.J., . A study on the correlation between the decoction of the Chinese herb Schisandra chinensis and the treatment of drug-induced liver injury. Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine.. 2015;32:53-55.
[Google Scholar]
Li, R. T., Li, H.M., Zhou, S.Y., Wang, W.G., Zhang, R.B., Luo, Y.M., Li, H.Z., 2008. New triterpene compound schisanlactone H and its extraction and isolation method. CN101376652A. 2008, 10, 10.
Li R.S., Chen C.Y., . Comparative study on the processing of health green tea made by schisandra chinensis leaves. Forest By-Prod Speciality in China.. 2013;3:37-39.
[Google Scholar]
Li, B., Li, Y.S., Meng, X.J., Xue, X., Zhu, L.J., 2012. Study on antioxidant activity of triterpenes from caculis of Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz.) baill. Sci Technol Food Ind. 33, 121-123+128. https://doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2012.03.007.
Li R.T., Han Q.B., Zhao A.-H., Sun H.D., . Micranoic Acids A and B: two new octanortriterpenoids from Schisandra micrantha. Chem Pharm Bull.. 2003;51:1174-1176.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li X.B., Hu W.Z., Li J., Jiang A.L., Mu S.Y., Song C.L., . Review on the extraction of main effective active ingredients and function of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Sci Technol Food Ind.. 2016;37:386-390.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li Y.F., Jiang Y., Chen Y., Yang G.Z., . Schicagenin A, a rare nortriterpenoid from Schisandra sphenanthera and its molecular interaction studies with human serum albumin. J Cent South Univ.. 2013;47:805-812.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li R.T., Li S.H., Zhao Q.S., Lin Z.W., Sun H.D., Lu Y., Wang C., Zheng Q.T., . Lancifodilactone A, a novel bisnortriterpenoid from Schisandra lancifolia. Tetrahedron Lett.. 2002;44:3531-3534.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li R.T., Han Q.B., Zheng Y.T., Wang R.R., Yang L.M., Lu Y., Sang S.Q., Zheng Q.T., Zhao Q.S., Sun H.D., . Structure and anti-HIV activity of micrandilactones B and C, new nortriterpenoids possessing a unique skeleton from Schisandra micrantha. Chem Commun (Camb).. 2005;21:2936-2938.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li L.F., Liu H.Q., Zhang R., Zeng J., Wu L.H., . Two new schisdilactone-type compounds from Schisandra chinensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2013;15:1168-1172.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li R., Shen Y., Wei X., Sun X., . Four novel nortriterpenoids isolated from Schisandra henryi var. yunnanensis. Eur J Org Chem.. 2004;4:807-811.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li R.T., Sun H.D., . Studies on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of five Schisandra medicinal species and Elsholtzia bodinieri. J Univ Chin Acad Sci.. 2004;25:569-575.
[Google Scholar]
Li F., Zhang T., Sun H., Gu H., Wang H., Su X., Li B.K., Li B.M., Chen R.Y., Kang J., . A New nortriterpenoid, a sesquiterpene and hepatoprotective lignans isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis. Molecules.. 2017;22:1931.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li R.T., Zhao Q.S., Li S.H., Han Q.B., Sun H.D., Lu Y., Zhang L.L., Zheng Q.T., . Micrandilactone A: a novel triterpene from Schisandra micrantha. Org Lett.. 2003;5:1023-1026.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li R.T., Xiang W., Li S.H., Lin Z.W., Sun H.D., . Lancifodilactones B-E, new nortriterpenes from Schisandra lancifolia. J Nat Prod.. 2004;67:94-97.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liang C.Q., . Studies on chemical constituents and bioactivities of three Schisandraceae plants. Yunnan Univ; 2013. [Dissertation]
Liang C.Q., Luo R.H., Yan J.M., Li Y., Li X.N., Shi Y.M., Sun H.D., . Structure and bioactivity of triterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra sphenanthera. Arch Pharm Res.. 2013;37:168-174.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liang C.Q., Hu J., Shi Y.M., Shang S.Z., Du X., Zhan R., Wang W.G., Xiong W.Y., Xiao W.L., Zhang H.B., Sun H.D., . Five new nortriterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra neglecta. Helv Chim Acta.. 2013;96:1376-1385.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lin Y.C., Lo I.W., Chen S.Y., Lin P.H., Chien C.T., Chang S., Shen Y.C., . Schinarisanlactone A, a new bisnortriterpenoid from Schisandra arisanensis. Org Lett.. 2011;13:446-449.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liu Y., . Studies on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of Schisandra bicolor var. In: Tuberculata and Pausinystalia yohimbe. Huazhong Univ Sci Technol; 2018. [Dissertation]
[Google Scholar]
Liu Y., Hu J., Lu Y., Huang X.Y., Zhang G.X., . Cytotoxic lanostane triterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra glaucescens. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2018;20:727-733.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liu J.S., Tao Y., . Synthesis of manwuweizic acid, an anticancer triterpenoid. Tetrahedron.. 1992;48:6793-6798.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liu J.S., Huang M.F., Ayer W.A., Bigam G., . Schisanlactone B, a new triterpenoid from a Schisandra sp. Tetrahedron Lett.. 1983;24:2355-2358.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liu J.S., Huang M.F., Yong T., . Anwuweizonic acid and manwuweizic acid, the putative anticancer active principle of Schisandra propinqua. Can J Chem.. 1989;66:414-415.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liu H.T., Li X.B., Zhang J., . Chemical constituents of petroleum ether extract of fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera. China J Chin Materia Med.. 2012;37:1597-1601.
[Google Scholar]
Liu M., Luo Y.Q., Wang W.G., Shi Y.M., Wu H.Y., Du X., Pu J.X., Sun H.-D., . Two new 18-norschiartane-type schinortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. Nat Prod Commun.. 2015;10:2045-2047.
[Google Scholar]
Liu H.T., Qi Y.D., Xu L.J., Peng Y., Zhang B.G., Xiao P.G., . Ethno-pharmacological investigation of Schisandraceae plants in China. China J Chin Materia Med.. 2012;37:1353-1359.
[Google Scholar]
Liu Y., Wang Y.M., Wu W.M., Song J., Ruan H.L., . Triterpenoids and lignans from the fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera. Fitoterapia.. 2017;116:10-16.
[Google Scholar]
Liu Y., Tian T., Yu H.Y., Zhou M., Ruan H.L., . Nortriterpenoids from the stems and leaves of Schisandra viridis. Fitoterapia.. 2017;118:38-41.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lu, Y., Chen, D.F., Li, Y.Q., Li, G.W., 2016. Use of cycloartane nortriterpenoids in the preparation of antitumor drugs. CN103800308B. 2016. 03. 30.
Luo X., Chang Y., Zhang X.J., Pu J.X., Gao X.M., Wu Y.L., Wang R.R., Xiao W.L., Zheng Y.T., Lu Y., Chen G.Q., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Schilancidilactones A and B: two novel tetranortriterpenoids with an unprecedented skeleton from Schisandra lancifolia. Tetrahedron Lett.. 2009;50:5962-5964.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Luo X., Shi Y.M., Luo R.H., Luo S.H., Li X.N., Wang R.R., Li S.H., Zheng Y.T., Du X., Xiao W.L., Pu J.X., Sun H.D., . Schilancitrilactones A-C: three unique nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. Org Lett.. 2012;14:1286-1289.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ma W., He J., Li L., Qin L., . Two new triterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra bicolor. Helv Chim Acta. 2009;92:2086-2091.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Oh C.J., Kil I.S., Park C.I., Yang C.H., Park J.W., . Ursolic acid regulates high glucose-induced apoptosis. Free Radical Res.. 2007;41:638-644.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Pan Y., Zhou F., Song Z., Huang H., Chen Y., Shen Y., Jia Y., Chen J., . Oleanolic acid protects against pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, possibly via FXR-mediated angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) upregulation. Biomed Pharmacother.. 2018;97:1694-1700.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Park E., Ryu M.J., Kim N.K., Bae M.H., Seo Y., Kim J., Yeo S., Kanwal M., Choi C.W., Heo J.Y., Jeong S.Y., . Synergistic neuroprotective effect of Schisandra chinensis and ribes fasciculatum on neuronal cell death and scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Int J Mol Sci.. 2019;20:4517.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Qiu F., Liu H., Duan H., Chen P., Lu S.J., Yang G.-Z., Lei X.X., . Isolation, structural elucidation of three new triterpenoids from the stems and leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill. Molecules.. 2018;23:1624.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ren R., . Study on the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of Schisandra sphenanthera. Kunming Univ Sci Technol; 2012. [Dissertation]
Schisandraceae plant in Flora of China @ efloras.org., 2020. Schisandraceae plant in Flora of Chloranthus 2020.
Shi W., Liu H.W., Guo X., Hou L., Gao J.M., . Triterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra grandiflora and their biological activity. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2016;18:711-718.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Shi Y.M., Wang X.B., Li X.N., Luo X., Shen Z.Y., Wang Y.P., Xiao W.L., Sun H.D., . Lancolides, antiplatelet aggregation nortriterpenoids with tricyclo [6.3.0.0(2,11)] undecane-bridged system from Schisandra lancifolia. Org Lett.. 2013;15:5068-5071.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Shi Y.M., Yang J., Xu L., Li X.N., Shang S.Z., Cao P., Xiao W.L., Sun H.D., . Structural characterization and antioxidative activity of lancifonins: unique nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. Org Lett.. 2014;16:1370-1373.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Song Q.Y., Jiang K., Zhao Q.Q., Gao K., Jin X.J., Yao X.J., . Eleven new highly oxygenated triterpenoids from the leaves and stems of Schisandra chinensis. Org Biomol Chem.. 2013;11:1251-1258.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Song Q.Y., Gao K., Nan Z.B., . Highly oxygenated triterpenoids from the roots of Schisandra chinensis and their anti-inflammatory activities. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2015;18:189-194.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Song J., Liu Y., Zhou M., Cao H., Peng X.G., Liang J.J., Zhao X.Y., Xiang M., Ruan H.L., . Spiroschincarins A-E: five spirocyclic nortriterpenoids from the fruit of Schisandra incarnata. Org Lett.. 2017;19:1196-1199.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Song J., Zhou M., Zhou J., Liang J.J., Peng X.G., Liu J., Ruan H.L., . Schincalactones A and B, two 5/5/6/11/3 fused schinortriterpenoids with a 13-membered carbon ring system from Schisandra incarnata. Org Lett.. 2018;20:2499-2502.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Suh W., Park S.Y., Min B., Kim S.H., Song J.-H., Shim S., . 21014. The Antiproliferative effects of compounds isolated from Schisandra chinensis. Korean. J Food Sci Technol. 2014;46:665-670.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Sun, H.B., Zhang, L.Y., Liu, J., 2009. Ursane-type pentacyclic triterpene amino acid derivatives, their preparation methods and their pharmaceutical uses. CN101337984. 2009, 01, 07.
Sun C.R., . Morphological diversity of Schisandra (Schisandraceae) seeds and its taxonomic implication. Plant Divers.. 2006;4:383-393.
[Google Scholar]
Sun H.D., Qiu S.X., Lin L.Z., Wang Z.Y., Lin Z.W., Pengsuparp T., Pezzuto J.M., Fong H.H., Cordell G.A., Farnsworth N.R., . Nigranoic acid, a triterpenoid from Schisandra sphaerandra that inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Nat Prod.. 1996;59:525-527.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Tanaka N., Amuti S., Takahashi S., Tsuji D., Itoh K., Kashiwada Y., . Studies on non-medicinal parts of plant materials: Triterpenes from the roots of Schisandra chinensis. Fitoterapia.. 2021;152:104939
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wang Q., . Evaluation of the effect of Callicarpa arborea diterpen and Schisandra chinensis triterpene drivatives on inhibiting the activation of inflammasome. Yunnan Univ 2021 [Dissertation]
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wang N.X., . Extraction of total triterpenes from vine stems and leaves of Schisandra sphenanthera at different periods and antioxidant and antibacterial studies. Shaanxi Normal Univ 2021 [Dissertation]
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wang W.Y., Chen J.G., . Pharmacology function of Schisandra and its exploitation. Journal of Beihua Univ.. 2007;8:128-133.
[Google Scholar]
Wang G.W., Deng L.Q., Luo Y.P., Liao Z.H., Chen M., . Hepatoprotective triterpenoids and lignans from the stems of Schisandra pubescens. Nat Prod Res.. 2016;31:1855-1860.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wang J.R., Kutan T., Mandi A., Guo Y.W., . Structure and Absolute Stereochemistry of Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Eur J Org Chem.. 2012;28:5471-5482.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wang H.Y., Wang X.L., Xu L.Q., Liu J., . Cytotoxic lanostane triterpenoids from the ethanol extract of Schisandra viridis. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2021;24:321-327.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wang S., Zhang J.G., . Current research status and prospect of Schisandra chinensis. Non-wood Forest Res.. 2003;4:126-127.
[Google Scholar]
Wang J.R., Zhao Z.B., Guo Y.W., . A new highly oxygenated nortriterpenoid from Schisandra chinensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2011;13:551-555.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wang J.R., Zhao Z.B., Guo Y.W., . A new highly oxygenated nortniterpenoid from Schisandra chinensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2011;13:551-555.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wei X.X., Hu H.Q., Wu J.R., Zhong Z.Q., Wu S.H., . Medicinal value of the fruits of wild fruit trees in Fujian Province. China Trop Agri.. 2009;4:37-40.
[Google Scholar]
Liu B., . China Checklist of Higher Plants. In: the Biodiversity Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences ed., Catalogue of Life China. Beijing, China.: 2023 Annual Checklist; 2023.
[Google Scholar]
Wu, W.M., 2016. Studies on the Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Lycoris sprengeri, Abies fargesii & Schisandra glaucescens. [Dissertation]. Huazhong Univ Sci Technol.
Xiao W.L., Li R.T., Li S.H., Li X.L., Sun H.D., Zheng Y.T., Wang R.R., Lu Y., Wang C., Zheng Q.T., . Lancifodilactone F: A novel nortriterpenoid possessing a unique skeleton from Schisandra lancifolia and its anti-HIV activity. Org Lett.. 2005;7:1263-1266.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Zhu H.J., Shen Y.H., Li R.T., Li S.H., Sun H.D., Zheng Y.T., Wang R.R., Lu Y., Wang C., Zheng Q.T., . Lancifodilactone G: a unique nortriterpenoid isolated from Schisandra lancifolia and its anti-HIV activity. Org Lett.. 2005;7:2145-2148.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Huang S.X., Zhang L., Tian R.R., Wu L., Li X.L., Pu J.X., Zheng Y.T., Lu Y., Li R.T., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. J Nat Prod.. 2006;69:650-653.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Tian R.R., Pu J.X., Li X., Wu L., Lu Y., Li S.H., Li R.T., Zheng Y.T., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Triterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia with anti-HIV-1 activity. J Nat Prod.. 2006;69:277-279.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Yang L.M., Gong N.B., Wu L., Wang R.R., Pu J.X., Sun H.D., . Rubriflordilactones A and B, two novel bisnortriterpenoids from Schisandra rubriflora and their biological activities. Org Lett.. 2006;8:991-994.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Pu J.X., Chang Y., Li X.L., Huang S.X., Yang L.M., Li L.M., Lu Y., Zheng Y.T., Li R.T., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Sphenadilactones A and B, two novel nortriterpenoids from Schisandra sphenanthera. Org Lett.. 2006;8:1475-1478.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Pu J.X., Wang R.R., Yang L.M., Li X.L., Li S.H., Sun H.D., . Isolation and structure elucidation of nortriterpenoids from Schisandra rubriflora. Helv Chim Acta.. 2007;90:1505-1513.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Yang L.M., Li L.M., Pu J.X., Huang S.X., Weng Z.Y., Lei C., Liu J.P., Wang R.R., Zheng Y.T., Li R.T., Sun H.D., . Sphenalactones A-D, a new class of highly oxygenated nortriterpenoids from Schisandra sphenanthera. Tetrahedron Lett.. 2007;48:5543-5546.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Li X.L., Wang R.R., Yang L.M., Li L.M., Huang S.X., Pu J.X., Zheng Y.T., Li R.T., Sun H.D., . Triterpenoids from Schisandra rubriflora. J Nat Prod.. 2007;70:1056-1059.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Huang S.X., Wang R.R., Zhong J.L., Gao X.M., He F., Pu J.X., Lu Y., Zheng Y.T., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpenoids and lignans from Schisandra sphenanthera. Phytochemistry.. 2008;69:2862-11866.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Gong Y.Q., Wang R.R., Weng Z.Y., Luo X., Li X.N., Yang G.Y., He F., Pu J.X., Yang L.M., Zheng Y.T., Lu Y., Sun H.D., . Bioactive nortriterpenoids from Schisandra grandiflora. J Nat Prod.. 2009;72:1678-1681.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Yang S.Y., Yang L.M., Yang G.Y., Wang R.R., Zhang H.B., Zhao W., Pu J.X., Lu Y., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., . Chemical constituents from the leaves and stems of Schisandra rubriflora. J Nat Prod.. 2010;73:221-225.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Wu Y.L., Shang S.Z., He F., Luo X., Yang G.Y., Pu J.X., Chen G.Q., Sun H.D., . Four new nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. Helv Chim Acta.. 2010;93:94-97.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xiao W.L., Yang L.M., Zhang H.B., Xue Y.B., Yang G.Y., Pu J.X., Wang R.R., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., . Chemical constituents from the leaves and stems of Schisandra lancifolia. Chem Pharm Bull.. 2010;58:852-855.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xu L.J., Liu H.T., Peng Y., Xiao P.G., . A preliminary pharmacophylogenetic investigation in Schisandraceae. Clin J Chin Med.. 2008;5:692-723.
[Google Scholar]
Xu S.P., Xu A.Y., Lan Y.J., You Y.Y., . Effective evaluation on treating arrhythmia of the Xinqi Buzu type with the Wuweizi decoction. J Syst Evol.. 2018;10:47-48.
[Google Scholar]
Xue Y.B., Zhang Y.L., Yang J.H., Du X., Pu J.X., Zhao W., Li X.N., Xiao W.L., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpenoids and lignans from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis. Chem Pharm Bull.. 2010;58:1606-1611.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Xue Y.B., Yang J.H., Li X.N., Du X., Pu J.X., Xiao W.L., Su J., Zhao W., Li Y., Sun H.D., . Henrischinins A-C: three new triterpenoids from Schisandra henryi. Org Lett.. 2011;13:1564-1567.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Yang G.Y., . Study on the chemical composition of Schisandra wilsoniana and its application in cigarette. Kunming Institute of Botany. 2008 [Dissertation]
[Google Scholar]
Yang Y.C., Bao T., Zhu S.Y., Liu L.Q., Guo L.Q., Guo Z.F., Liu X.L., Gao X.X., Jia J.M., Wang A.H., . Chinorlactone A: a schinortriterpenoid with a 6/5/8/5-fused carbocyclic core from the stems and leaves of Schisandra chinensis. Org Chem Front.. 2022;9:1917-1923.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Yang Z.R., Lin Q., Liu C.J., Zhao J.C., . Seed morphology of the genus Schisandra and its taxonomic significance. Plant Divers.. 2002;5:627-637.
[Google Scholar]
Yang G.Y., Xiao W.L., Chang Y., Wang R.R., Pu J.X., Gao X.M., Lei C., Lu Y., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra wilsoniana. Helv Chim Acta.. 2008;91:1871-1878.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Yang G.Y., Li Y.K., Zhang X.J., Zhang X.J., Li X.N., Yang L.M., Shi Y.M., Xiao W.L., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., . Three new nortriterpenoids from Schisandra wilsoniana and their anti-HIV-1 activities. Nat Prod Bioprospect.. 2011;1:33-36.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Yu H.Y., Li J., Liu Y., Wu W.M., Ruan H.L., . Triterpenoids from the fruit of Schisandra glaucescens. Fitoterapia.. 2016;113:64-68.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Zhang Y.T., . Study on the chemical composition of Schisandra sphenanthera and the structural modification of its lignans. Yunnan Univ; 2008.
Zhang Y.Q., Liu Y., Zhang Z.P., Wu D.D., Zhuang L.X., Algradi A.M., Kuang H.X., Yang B.Y., . Schisandraceae triterpenoids: A review of phytochemistry, bioactivities and synthesis. Fitoterapia.. 2022;161:105230
[Google Scholar]
Zhang W., Xu M., Liu X.X., Gu L., . Investigation of wild plant resources of Schisandra in Qinling mountains. J Plant Genet Resourc.. 2014;15:236-241.
[Google Scholar]
Zhao L.Q., . Advanced research on terpenoids in schisandra and their biological activity. Lishizhen Med Mater Medica Res.. 2008;1:228-230.
[Google Scholar]
Zhao Q.Q., Wei W.J., Li Y., Gao K., . Triterpenoids and lignans from Schisandra chinensis and their inhibition activities of Cdc25A/B phosphatases. Nat Prod Res.. 2020;36:754-759.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Zheng H.Z., Cui C.L., Liu M., Wu X.M., Chung S.K., . Study on the processing technology of dried Schisandra chinensis vinegar powder. Food R&D.. 2020;41:114-121.
[Google Scholar]
Zhou M., Liu Y., Song J., Peng X.G., Cheng Q., Cao H., Xiang M., Ruan H.L., . Schincalide A, a schinortriterpenoid with a tricyclo [5.2.1.0 (1,6)] decane-bridged system from the stems and leaves of Schisandra incarnate. Org Lett.. 2016;18:4558-4561.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Zhou, M., 2018. Studies on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of the stems of Schisandra incarnata and the herbs of Parasenecio subglaber [Dissertation]. Huazhong Univ Sci Technol.
Zhu, L.J., 2014. Protective effect of total triterpenoid and lignan from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill on alcohol-induced liver injury and its mechanism of action [Dissertation]. Shenyang Agr Univ.
Zong S.C., Zhang A.L., . Chemical Constituents from Schisandra grandiflora. Acta Agr Boreali-occidentalis Sinica.. 2013;22:156-161.
[Google Scholar]
Zou J.M., Chen Y., Chen X.Q., Wei B.H., Zheng X.Q., Zhang G.G., . Study on the antibacterial activity of Schisandra chinensis extract. Jiangsu Agr Sci.. 2011;39:400-402.
[Google Scholar]

Show Sections

[1] Cao Z., Zhang Y., . Development of compound healthy tea with Schisandra chinensis. Heilongjiang Agri Sci.. 2012;10:118-121.
[Google Scholar]

[2] Chen J., . Studies on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of stems of Schisandra incarnata from Muyu town in Hubei. Huazhong Univ Sci Technol. 2021
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[3] Chen Y.G., Qin G.W., Cao L., . Triterpenoid acids from Schisandra propinqua with cytotoxic effect on rat luteal cells and human decidual cells in vitro. Fitoterapia.. 2001;72:435-437.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[4] Chen Y.G., Qin G.W., Cao L., Leng Y., Xie Y.Y., . Triterpenoid acids from Schisandra propinqua with cytotoxic effect on rat luteal cells and human decidual cells in vitro. Fitoterapia.. 2001;72:435-437.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[5] Chen Y.G., Lin Z.E., Cao L., Sun H.D., Qin G.W., Xie Y.Y., . Antifertility triterpenoid acids from Kadsura angustifolia. Chin J Mod Appl Pharm.. 2002;19:103-105.
[Google Scholar]

[6] Chen, W.Y., 2018. Research on antibacterial activity of Schisandra chinensis extracts [J]. Pesticide Science and Administration. 39, 53-56+61.

[7] Cheng Y.B., Liao T.C., Lo I.W., Chen Y.C., Kuo Y.C., Chen S.-Y., Shen Y.C., . Arisandilactone A, a new triterpenoid from the fruits of Schisandra arisanensis. Org Lett.. 2010;12:1016-1019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[8] Cheng Y.B., Liao T.C., Lo Y.W., Chen Y.C., Kuo Y.C., Chen S.Y., Chien C.Y., Hwang T.L., Shen Y.C., . Nortriterpene lactones from the fruits of Schisandra arisanensis. J Nat Prod.. 2010;73:1228-1233.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[9] Ding W.P., . Studies on the secondary metabolites and bioactivities of Schisandra propingua var. propinqua. Yunnan Univ; 2018. [Dissertation]

[10] Du J.L., . Studies on bioactive constituents of three species of medicinal plants [Dissertation]. Naval: Medical Univ; 2007.

[11] Gao X.M., Li Y.Q., Shu L.D., Shen Y.Q., Yang L.Y., Yang L.M., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., Xiao W.L., Hu Q.F., . New Triterpenoids from the fruits of Schisandra wilsoniana and their biological activities. Bull Korean Chem Soc.. 2013;34:827-830.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[12] Gao J.F., Liu C.S., . Overview of research on the medicinal resources of conman Magnolcavine fruit. Guide China Med.. 2010;8:66-69.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[13] Guo S.S., Pang X., Wang Y., Geng Z.F., Cao J.Q., Liang J.Y., Du S.S., . Chemical constituents isolated from stems of Schisandra chinensis and their antifeedant activity against Tribolium castaneum. Nat Prod Res.. 2019;3:1-7.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[14] Guo H.J., Qi Y.D., Li X.W., Zhang B.G., Liu H.T., Xiao P.G., . Progress of traditional application of Schisandraceae plants and the systematic research on them. World Chin Med.. 2015;10:1133-1138.
[Google Scholar]

[15] He F., Li X.Y., Yang G.Y., Li X.N., Luo X., Zou J., Yan L., Xiao W.L., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpene constituents from Schisandra sphenanthera. Tetrahedron.. 2012;68:440-446.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[16] He T.B., Yan B.C., Hu K., Li X.N., Sun H.D., Puno P.T., . Neuroprotective schinortriterpenoids with diverse scaffolds from Schisandra henryi. Bioorg Chem.. 2020;105:104353
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[17] He, F., 2009. Chemical constituents of three medicinal plants with their biological activities [Dissertation]. Kunming Institute of Botany.

[18] Hou X., Deng J., Zhang Q., Wang D., Kennedy D., Quinn R.J., Feng Y., . Cytotoxic ethnic Yao medicine Baizuan, leaves of Schisandra viridis A. C. Smith. J Ethnopharmacol.. 2016;194:146-152.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[19] Hu K., Li X.R., Tang J.W., Li X.N., Puno P.T., . Structural determination of eleven new preschisanartane-type schinortriterpenoids from two Schisandra species and structural revision of preschisanartanin J using NMR computation method. Chin J Nat Medicine.. 2019;17:970-981.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[20] Huang S.X., Li R.T., Liu J.P., Lu Y., Chang Y., Lei C., Xiao W.L., Yang L.B., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Isolation and characterization of biogenetically related highly oxygenated nortriterpenoids from Schisandra chinensis. Org Lett.. 2007;9:2079-2082.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[21] Huang Z.H., Qin L.P., . Chemical constituents from canes of Schisandra sphenanthera. Chin Trad Herb Drugs.. 2016;47:3374-3378.
[Google Scholar]

[22] Huang S.X., Yang L.B., Xiao W.L., Lei C., Liu J.P., Lu Y., Sun H.D., . Wuweizidilactones A-F: Novel highly oxygenated nortriterpenoids with unusual skeletons isolated from Schisandra chinensis. Chemistry.. 2007;13:4816-4822.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[23] Huang S.X., Yang J., Huang H., Li L.M., Xiao W.L., Li R.T., Sun H.D., . Structural characterization of schintrilactone, a new class of nortriterpenoids from Schisandra chinensis. Org Lett.. 2007;9:4175-4178.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[24] Huang S.X., Han Q.B., Lei C., Pu J.X., Xiao W.L., Yu J.L., Sun H.-D., . Isolation and characterization of miscellaneous terpenoids of Schisandra chinensis. Tetrahedron.. 2008;64:4260-4267.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[25] Jeong J.W., Lee H.H., Choi E.O., Lee K.W., Kim K.Y., Kim S.G., Hong S.H., Kim G.Y., Park C., Kim H.K., Choi Y.W., Choi Y.H., . Schisandrae fructus inhibits IL-1β-induced matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators production in SW1353 human chondrocytes by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK activation. Drug Dev Res.. 2015;76:474-483.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[26] Jiang J.W., . Dictionary of Medicinal Plants. Tianjin, China: Tianjin Science and Technology Press; 2005.

[27] Jiang Y., . Studies on the chemical constituents and biological activities of Schisandra sphenanthera [Dissertation]. South-Central Minzu Univ; 2011.

[28] Jiang Y., Yang G.Z., Chen Y.G., Liao M.C., Liu X.M., Chen S., Liu L., Lei X.X., . Terpenes from Schisandra sphenanthera. Helv Chim Acta.. 2011;94:491-496.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[29] Jin Y.J., . Protective effect of Schisandrae water extract on neuronal cells from cortex in APP/PS1 mice. J Liaoning Univ Trad Chin Med.. 2017;19:30-33.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[30] Jo S.H., Ha K.S., Moon K.S., Lee O.H., Jang H.D., Kwon Y.I., . In vitro and in vivo anti-hyperglycemic effects of Omija (Schizandra chinensis) fruit. Int J Mol Sci.. 2011;12:1359-1370.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[31] Jose L.P., Patricia D.A., . The family Schisandraceae: a new record for the flora of Mexico. Brittonia.. 1998;50:87-90.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[32] Jung S.H., Ha Y.J., Shim E.K., Choi S.Y., Jin J.L., Yun-Choi H.S., Lee J.R., . Insulin-mimetic and insulin-sensitizing activities of a pentacyclic triterpenoid insulin receptor activator. Biochem J.. 2007;403:243-250.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[33] Kang Y.S., Han M.H., Hong S.H., Park C., Hwang H.J., Kim B.W., Kyoung K.H., Choi Y.W., Kim C.M., Choi Y.H., . Anti-inflammatory effects of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill fruit through the inactivation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages. J Cancer Prev.. 2014;19:279-287.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[34] Kim H.Y., Cho K.W., Kang D.G., Lee H.S., . Oleanolic acid increases plasma ANP levels via an accentuation of cardiac ANP synthesis and secretion in rats. Eur J Pharmacol.. 2013;710:73-79.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[35] Lei C., Huang S.X., Chen J.J., Yang L.B., Xiao W.L., Chang Y., Lu Y., Huang H., Pu J.X., Sun H.D., . Propindilactones E-J, schiartanenortriterpenoids from Schisandra propinqua var.propinqua. J Nat Prod.. 2008;7:1228-1232.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[36] Lei C., Pu J.X., Huang S.X., Chen J.J., Sun H.D., . A class of 18(13→14)-abeo-schiartane skeleton nortriterpenoids from Schisandra propinqua var. propinqua. Tetrahedron.. 2009;65:164-170.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[37] Lei C., Xiao W.L., Huang S.X., Chen J.J., Sun H.D., . Pre-schisanartanins C-D, propintrilactones A-B, two classes of new nortriterpenoids from Schisandra propinqua var. propinqua. Tetrahedron.. 2010;66:2306-2310.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[38] Leng Y.J., . A study on the correlation between the decoction of the Chinese herb Schisandra chinensis and the treatment of drug-induced liver injury. Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine.. 2015;32:53-55.
[Google Scholar]

[39] Li, R. T., Li, H.M., Zhou, S.Y., Wang, W.G., Zhang, R.B., Luo, Y.M., Li, H.Z., 2008. New triterpene compound schisanlactone H and its extraction and isolation method. CN101376652A. 2008, 10, 10.

[40] Li R.S., Chen C.Y., . Comparative study on the processing of health green tea made by schisandra chinensis leaves. Forest By-Prod Speciality in China.. 2013;3:37-39.
[Google Scholar]

[41] Li, B., Li, Y.S., Meng, X.J., Xue, X., Zhu, L.J., 2012. Study on antioxidant activity of triterpenes from caculis of Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz.) baill. Sci Technol Food Ind. 33, 121-123+128. https://doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2012.03.007.

[42] Li R.T., Han Q.B., Zhao A.-H., Sun H.D., . Micranoic Acids A and B: two new octanortriterpenoids from Schisandra micrantha. Chem Pharm Bull.. 2003;51:1174-1176.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[43] Li X.B., Hu W.Z., Li J., Jiang A.L., Mu S.Y., Song C.L., . Review on the extraction of main effective active ingredients and function of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Sci Technol Food Ind.. 2016;37:386-390.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[44] Li Y.F., Jiang Y., Chen Y., Yang G.Z., . Schicagenin A, a rare nortriterpenoid from Schisandra sphenanthera and its molecular interaction studies with human serum albumin. J Cent South Univ.. 2013;47:805-812.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[45] Li R.T., Li S.H., Zhao Q.S., Lin Z.W., Sun H.D., Lu Y., Wang C., Zheng Q.T., . Lancifodilactone A, a novel bisnortriterpenoid from Schisandra lancifolia. Tetrahedron Lett.. 2002;44:3531-3534.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[46] Li R.T., Han Q.B., Zheng Y.T., Wang R.R., Yang L.M., Lu Y., Sang S.Q., Zheng Q.T., Zhao Q.S., Sun H.D., . Structure and anti-HIV activity of micrandilactones B and C, new nortriterpenoids possessing a unique skeleton from Schisandra micrantha. Chem Commun (Camb).. 2005;21:2936-2938.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[47] Li L.F., Liu H.Q., Zhang R., Zeng J., Wu L.H., . Two new schisdilactone-type compounds from Schisandra chinensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2013;15:1168-1172.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[48] Li R., Shen Y., Wei X., Sun X., . Four novel nortriterpenoids isolated from Schisandra henryi var. yunnanensis. Eur J Org Chem.. 2004;4:807-811.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[49] Li R.T., Sun H.D., . Studies on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of five Schisandra medicinal species and Elsholtzia bodinieri. J Univ Chin Acad Sci.. 2004;25:569-575.
[Google Scholar]

[50] Li F., Zhang T., Sun H., Gu H., Wang H., Su X., Li B.K., Li B.M., Chen R.Y., Kang J., . A New nortriterpenoid, a sesquiterpene and hepatoprotective lignans isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis. Molecules.. 2017;22:1931.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[51] Li R.T., Zhao Q.S., Li S.H., Han Q.B., Sun H.D., Lu Y., Zhang L.L., Zheng Q.T., . Micrandilactone A: a novel triterpene from Schisandra micrantha. Org Lett.. 2003;5:1023-1026.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[52] Li R.T., Xiang W., Li S.H., Lin Z.W., Sun H.D., . Lancifodilactones B-E, new nortriterpenes from Schisandra lancifolia. J Nat Prod.. 2004;67:94-97.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[53] Liang C.Q., . Studies on chemical constituents and bioactivities of three Schisandraceae plants. Yunnan Univ; 2013. [Dissertation]

[54] Liang C.Q., Luo R.H., Yan J.M., Li Y., Li X.N., Shi Y.M., Sun H.D., . Structure and bioactivity of triterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra sphenanthera. Arch Pharm Res.. 2013;37:168-174.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[55] Liang C.Q., Hu J., Shi Y.M., Shang S.Z., Du X., Zhan R., Wang W.G., Xiong W.Y., Xiao W.L., Zhang H.B., Sun H.D., . Five new nortriterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra neglecta. Helv Chim Acta.. 2013;96:1376-1385.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[56] Lin Y.C., Lo I.W., Chen S.Y., Lin P.H., Chien C.T., Chang S., Shen Y.C., . Schinarisanlactone A, a new bisnortriterpenoid from Schisandra arisanensis. Org Lett.. 2011;13:446-449.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[57] Liu Y., . Studies on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of Schisandra bicolor var. In: Tuberculata and Pausinystalia yohimbe. Huazhong Univ Sci Technol; 2018. [Dissertation]
[Google Scholar]

[58] Liu Y., Hu J., Lu Y., Huang X.Y., Zhang G.X., . Cytotoxic lanostane triterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra glaucescens. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2018;20:727-733.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[59] Liu J.S., Tao Y., . Synthesis of manwuweizic acid, an anticancer triterpenoid. Tetrahedron.. 1992;48:6793-6798.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[60] Liu J.S., Huang M.F., Ayer W.A., Bigam G., . Schisanlactone B, a new triterpenoid from a Schisandra sp. Tetrahedron Lett.. 1983;24:2355-2358.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[61] Liu J.S., Huang M.F., Yong T., . Anwuweizonic acid and manwuweizic acid, the putative anticancer active principle of Schisandra propinqua. Can J Chem.. 1989;66:414-415.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[62] Liu H.T., Li X.B., Zhang J., . Chemical constituents of petroleum ether extract of fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera. China J Chin Materia Med.. 2012;37:1597-1601.
[Google Scholar]

[63] Liu M., Luo Y.Q., Wang W.G., Shi Y.M., Wu H.Y., Du X., Pu J.X., Sun H.-D., . Two new 18-norschiartane-type schinortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. Nat Prod Commun.. 2015;10:2045-2047.
[Google Scholar]

[64] Liu H.T., Qi Y.D., Xu L.J., Peng Y., Zhang B.G., Xiao P.G., . Ethno-pharmacological investigation of Schisandraceae plants in China. China J Chin Materia Med.. 2012;37:1353-1359.
[Google Scholar]

[65] Liu Y., Wang Y.M., Wu W.M., Song J., Ruan H.L., . Triterpenoids and lignans from the fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera. Fitoterapia.. 2017;116:10-16.
[Google Scholar]

[66] Liu Y., Tian T., Yu H.Y., Zhou M., Ruan H.L., . Nortriterpenoids from the stems and leaves of Schisandra viridis. Fitoterapia.. 2017;118:38-41.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[67] Lu, Y., Chen, D.F., Li, Y.Q., Li, G.W., 2016. Use of cycloartane nortriterpenoids in the preparation of antitumor drugs. CN103800308B. 2016. 03. 30.

[68] Luo X., Chang Y., Zhang X.J., Pu J.X., Gao X.M., Wu Y.L., Wang R.R., Xiao W.L., Zheng Y.T., Lu Y., Chen G.Q., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Schilancidilactones A and B: two novel tetranortriterpenoids with an unprecedented skeleton from Schisandra lancifolia. Tetrahedron Lett.. 2009;50:5962-5964.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[69] Luo X., Shi Y.M., Luo R.H., Luo S.H., Li X.N., Wang R.R., Li S.H., Zheng Y.T., Du X., Xiao W.L., Pu J.X., Sun H.D., . Schilancitrilactones A-C: three unique nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. Org Lett.. 2012;14:1286-1289.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[70] Ma W., He J., Li L., Qin L., . Two new triterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra bicolor. Helv Chim Acta. 2009;92:2086-2091.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[71] Oh C.J., Kil I.S., Park C.I., Yang C.H., Park J.W., . Ursolic acid regulates high glucose-induced apoptosis. Free Radical Res.. 2007;41:638-644.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[72] Pan Y., Zhou F., Song Z., Huang H., Chen Y., Shen Y., Jia Y., Chen J., . Oleanolic acid protects against pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, possibly via FXR-mediated angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) upregulation. Biomed Pharmacother.. 2018;97:1694-1700.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[73] Park E., Ryu M.J., Kim N.K., Bae M.H., Seo Y., Kim J., Yeo S., Kanwal M., Choi C.W., Heo J.Y., Jeong S.Y., . Synergistic neuroprotective effect of Schisandra chinensis and ribes fasciculatum on neuronal cell death and scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Int J Mol Sci.. 2019;20:4517.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[74] Qiu F., Liu H., Duan H., Chen P., Lu S.J., Yang G.-Z., Lei X.X., . Isolation, structural elucidation of three new triterpenoids from the stems and leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill. Molecules.. 2018;23:1624.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[75] Ren R., . Study on the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of Schisandra sphenanthera. Kunming Univ Sci Technol; 2012. [Dissertation]

[76] Schisandraceae plant in Flora of China @ efloras.org., 2020. Schisandraceae plant in Flora of Chloranthus 2020.

[77] Shi W., Liu H.W., Guo X., Hou L., Gao J.M., . Triterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra grandiflora and their biological activity. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2016;18:711-718.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[78] Shi Y.M., Wang X.B., Li X.N., Luo X., Shen Z.Y., Wang Y.P., Xiao W.L., Sun H.D., . Lancolides, antiplatelet aggregation nortriterpenoids with tricyclo [6.3.0.0(2,11)] undecane-bridged system from Schisandra lancifolia. Org Lett.. 2013;15:5068-5071.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[79] Shi Y.M., Yang J., Xu L., Li X.N., Shang S.Z., Cao P., Xiao W.L., Sun H.D., . Structural characterization and antioxidative activity of lancifonins: unique nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. Org Lett.. 2014;16:1370-1373.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[80] Song Q.Y., Jiang K., Zhao Q.Q., Gao K., Jin X.J., Yao X.J., . Eleven new highly oxygenated triterpenoids from the leaves and stems of Schisandra chinensis. Org Biomol Chem.. 2013;11:1251-1258.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[81] Song Q.Y., Gao K., Nan Z.B., . Highly oxygenated triterpenoids from the roots of Schisandra chinensis and their anti-inflammatory activities. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2015;18:189-194.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[82] Song J., Liu Y., Zhou M., Cao H., Peng X.G., Liang J.J., Zhao X.Y., Xiang M., Ruan H.L., . Spiroschincarins A-E: five spirocyclic nortriterpenoids from the fruit of Schisandra incarnata. Org Lett.. 2017;19:1196-1199.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[83] Song J., Zhou M., Zhou J., Liang J.J., Peng X.G., Liu J., Ruan H.L., . Schincalactones A and B, two 5/5/6/11/3 fused schinortriterpenoids with a 13-membered carbon ring system from Schisandra incarnata. Org Lett.. 2018;20:2499-2502.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[84] Suh W., Park S.Y., Min B., Kim S.H., Song J.-H., Shim S., . 21014. The Antiproliferative effects of compounds isolated from Schisandra chinensis. Korean. J Food Sci Technol. 2014;46:665-670.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[85] Sun, H.B., Zhang, L.Y., Liu, J., 2009. Ursane-type pentacyclic triterpene amino acid derivatives, their preparation methods and their pharmaceutical uses. CN101337984. 2009, 01, 07.

[86] Sun C.R., . Morphological diversity of Schisandra (Schisandraceae) seeds and its taxonomic implication. Plant Divers.. 2006;4:383-393.
[Google Scholar]

[87] Sun H.D., Qiu S.X., Lin L.Z., Wang Z.Y., Lin Z.W., Pengsuparp T., Pezzuto J.M., Fong H.H., Cordell G.A., Farnsworth N.R., . Nigranoic acid, a triterpenoid from Schisandra sphaerandra that inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Nat Prod.. 1996;59:525-527.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[88] Tanaka N., Amuti S., Takahashi S., Tsuji D., Itoh K., Kashiwada Y., . Studies on non-medicinal parts of plant materials: Triterpenes from the roots of Schisandra chinensis. Fitoterapia.. 2021;152:104939
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[89] Wang Q., . Evaluation of the effect of Callicarpa arborea diterpen and Schisandra chinensis triterpene drivatives on inhibiting the activation of inflammasome. Yunnan Univ 2021 [Dissertation]
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[90] Wang N.X., . Extraction of total triterpenes from vine stems and leaves of Schisandra sphenanthera at different periods and antioxidant and antibacterial studies. Shaanxi Normal Univ 2021 [Dissertation]
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[91] Wang W.Y., Chen J.G., . Pharmacology function of Schisandra and its exploitation. Journal of Beihua Univ.. 2007;8:128-133.
[Google Scholar]

[92] Wang G.W., Deng L.Q., Luo Y.P., Liao Z.H., Chen M., . Hepatoprotective triterpenoids and lignans from the stems of Schisandra pubescens. Nat Prod Res.. 2016;31:1855-1860.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[93] Wang J.R., Kutan T., Mandi A., Guo Y.W., . Structure and Absolute Stereochemistry of Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Eur J Org Chem.. 2012;28:5471-5482.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[94] Wang H.Y., Wang X.L., Xu L.Q., Liu J., . Cytotoxic lanostane triterpenoids from the ethanol extract of Schisandra viridis. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2021;24:321-327.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[95] Wang S., Zhang J.G., . Current research status and prospect of Schisandra chinensis. Non-wood Forest Res.. 2003;4:126-127.
[Google Scholar]

[96] Wang J.R., Zhao Z.B., Guo Y.W., . A new highly oxygenated nortriterpenoid from Schisandra chinensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2011;13:551-555.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[97] Wang J.R., Zhao Z.B., Guo Y.W., . A new highly oxygenated nortniterpenoid from Schisandra chinensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res.. 2011;13:551-555.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[98] Wei X.X., Hu H.Q., Wu J.R., Zhong Z.Q., Wu S.H., . Medicinal value of the fruits of wild fruit trees in Fujian Province. China Trop Agri.. 2009;4:37-40.
[Google Scholar]

[99] Liu B., . China Checklist of Higher Plants. In: the Biodiversity Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences ed., Catalogue of Life China. Beijing, China.: 2023 Annual Checklist; 2023.
[Google Scholar]

[100] Wu, W.M., 2016. Studies on the Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Lycoris sprengeri, Abies fargesii & Schisandra glaucescens. [Dissertation]. Huazhong Univ Sci Technol.

[101] Xiao W.L., Li R.T., Li S.H., Li X.L., Sun H.D., Zheng Y.T., Wang R.R., Lu Y., Wang C., Zheng Q.T., . Lancifodilactone F: A novel nortriterpenoid possessing a unique skeleton from Schisandra lancifolia and its anti-HIV activity. Org Lett.. 2005;7:1263-1266.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[102] Xiao W.L., Zhu H.J., Shen Y.H., Li R.T., Li S.H., Sun H.D., Zheng Y.T., Wang R.R., Lu Y., Wang C., Zheng Q.T., . Lancifodilactone G: a unique nortriterpenoid isolated from Schisandra lancifolia and its anti-HIV activity. Org Lett.. 2005;7:2145-2148.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[103] Xiao W.L., Huang S.X., Zhang L., Tian R.R., Wu L., Li X.L., Pu J.X., Zheng Y.T., Lu Y., Li R.T., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. J Nat Prod.. 2006;69:650-653.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[104] Xiao W.L., Tian R.R., Pu J.X., Li X., Wu L., Lu Y., Li S.H., Li R.T., Zheng Y.T., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Triterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia with anti-HIV-1 activity. J Nat Prod.. 2006;69:277-279.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[105] Xiao W.L., Yang L.M., Gong N.B., Wu L., Wang R.R., Pu J.X., Sun H.D., . Rubriflordilactones A and B, two novel bisnortriterpenoids from Schisandra rubriflora and their biological activities. Org Lett.. 2006;8:991-994.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[106] Xiao W.L., Pu J.X., Chang Y., Li X.L., Huang S.X., Yang L.M., Li L.M., Lu Y., Zheng Y.T., Li R.T., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Sphenadilactones A and B, two novel nortriterpenoids from Schisandra sphenanthera. Org Lett.. 2006;8:1475-1478.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[107] Xiao W.L., Pu J.X., Wang R.R., Yang L.M., Li X.L., Li S.H., Sun H.D., . Isolation and structure elucidation of nortriterpenoids from Schisandra rubriflora. Helv Chim Acta.. 2007;90:1505-1513.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[108] Xiao W.L., Yang L.M., Li L.M., Pu J.X., Huang S.X., Weng Z.Y., Lei C., Liu J.P., Wang R.R., Zheng Y.T., Li R.T., Sun H.D., . Sphenalactones A-D, a new class of highly oxygenated nortriterpenoids from Schisandra sphenanthera. Tetrahedron Lett.. 2007;48:5543-5546.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[109] Xiao W.L., Li X.L., Wang R.R., Yang L.M., Li L.M., Huang S.X., Pu J.X., Zheng Y.T., Li R.T., Sun H.D., . Triterpenoids from Schisandra rubriflora. J Nat Prod.. 2007;70:1056-1059.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[110] Xiao W.L., Huang S.X., Wang R.R., Zhong J.L., Gao X.M., He F., Pu J.X., Lu Y., Zheng Y.T., Zheng Q.T., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpenoids and lignans from Schisandra sphenanthera. Phytochemistry.. 2008;69:2862-11866.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[111] Xiao W.L., Gong Y.Q., Wang R.R., Weng Z.Y., Luo X., Li X.N., Yang G.Y., He F., Pu J.X., Yang L.M., Zheng Y.T., Lu Y., Sun H.D., . Bioactive nortriterpenoids from Schisandra grandiflora. J Nat Prod.. 2009;72:1678-1681.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[112] Xiao W.L., Yang S.Y., Yang L.M., Yang G.Y., Wang R.R., Zhang H.B., Zhao W., Pu J.X., Lu Y., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., . Chemical constituents from the leaves and stems of Schisandra rubriflora. J Nat Prod.. 2010;73:221-225.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[113] Xiao W.L., Wu Y.L., Shang S.Z., He F., Luo X., Yang G.Y., Pu J.X., Chen G.Q., Sun H.D., . Four new nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia. Helv Chim Acta.. 2010;93:94-97.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[114] Xiao W.L., Yang L.M., Zhang H.B., Xue Y.B., Yang G.Y., Pu J.X., Wang R.R., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., . Chemical constituents from the leaves and stems of Schisandra lancifolia. Chem Pharm Bull.. 2010;58:852-855.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[115] Xu L.J., Liu H.T., Peng Y., Xiao P.G., . A preliminary pharmacophylogenetic investigation in Schisandraceae. Clin J Chin Med.. 2008;5:692-723.
[Google Scholar]

[116] Xu S.P., Xu A.Y., Lan Y.J., You Y.Y., . Effective evaluation on treating arrhythmia of the Xinqi Buzu type with the Wuweizi decoction. J Syst Evol.. 2018;10:47-48.
[Google Scholar]

[117] Xue Y.B., Zhang Y.L., Yang J.H., Du X., Pu J.X., Zhao W., Li X.N., Xiao W.L., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpenoids and lignans from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis. Chem Pharm Bull.. 2010;58:1606-1611.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[118] Xue Y.B., Yang J.H., Li X.N., Du X., Pu J.X., Xiao W.L., Su J., Zhao W., Li Y., Sun H.D., . Henrischinins A-C: three new triterpenoids from Schisandra henryi. Org Lett.. 2011;13:1564-1567.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[119] Yang G.Y., . Study on the chemical composition of Schisandra wilsoniana and its application in cigarette. Kunming Institute of Botany. 2008 [Dissertation]
[Google Scholar]

[120] Yang Y.C., Bao T., Zhu S.Y., Liu L.Q., Guo L.Q., Guo Z.F., Liu X.L., Gao X.X., Jia J.M., Wang A.H., . Chinorlactone A: a schinortriterpenoid with a 6/5/8/5-fused carbocyclic core from the stems and leaves of Schisandra chinensis. Org Chem Front.. 2022;9:1917-1923.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[121] Yang Z.R., Lin Q., Liu C.J., Zhao J.C., . Seed morphology of the genus Schisandra and its taxonomic significance. Plant Divers.. 2002;5:627-637.
[Google Scholar]

[122] Yang G.Y., Xiao W.L., Chang Y., Wang R.R., Pu J.X., Gao X.M., Lei C., Lu Y., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., . Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra wilsoniana. Helv Chim Acta.. 2008;91:1871-1878.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[123] Yang G.Y., Li Y.K., Zhang X.J., Zhang X.J., Li X.N., Yang L.M., Shi Y.M., Xiao W.L., Zheng Y.T., Sun H.D., . Three new nortriterpenoids from Schisandra wilsoniana and their anti-HIV-1 activities. Nat Prod Bioprospect.. 2011;1:33-36.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[124] Yu H.Y., Li J., Liu Y., Wu W.M., Ruan H.L., . Triterpenoids from the fruit of Schisandra glaucescens. Fitoterapia.. 2016;113:64-68.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[125] Zhang Y.T., . Study on the chemical composition of Schisandra sphenanthera and the structural modification of its lignans. Yunnan Univ; 2008.

[126] Zhang Y.Q., Liu Y., Zhang Z.P., Wu D.D., Zhuang L.X., Algradi A.M., Kuang H.X., Yang B.Y., . Schisandraceae triterpenoids: A review of phytochemistry, bioactivities and synthesis. Fitoterapia.. 2022;161:105230
[Google Scholar]

[127] Zhang W., Xu M., Liu X.X., Gu L., . Investigation of wild plant resources of Schisandra in Qinling mountains. J Plant Genet Resourc.. 2014;15:236-241.
[Google Scholar]

[128] Zhao L.Q., . Advanced research on terpenoids in schisandra and their biological activity. Lishizhen Med Mater Medica Res.. 2008;1:228-230.
[Google Scholar]

[129] Zhao Q.Q., Wei W.J., Li Y., Gao K., . Triterpenoids and lignans from Schisandra chinensis and their inhibition activities of Cdc25A/B phosphatases. Nat Prod Res.. 2020;36:754-759.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[130] Zheng H.Z., Cui C.L., Liu M., Wu X.M., Chung S.K., . Study on the processing technology of dried Schisandra chinensis vinegar powder. Food R&D.. 2020;41:114-121.
[Google Scholar]

[131] Zhou M., Liu Y., Song J., Peng X.G., Cheng Q., Cao H., Xiang M., Ruan H.L., . Schincalide A, a schinortriterpenoid with a tricyclo [5.2.1.0 (1,6)] decane-bridged system from the stems and leaves of Schisandra incarnate. Org Lett.. 2016;18:4558-4561.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[132] Zhou, M., 2018. Studies on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of the stems of Schisandra incarnata and the herbs of Parasenecio subglaber [Dissertation]. Huazhong Univ Sci Technol.

[133] Zhu, L.J., 2014. Protective effect of total triterpenoid and lignan from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill on alcohol-induced liver injury and its mechanism of action [Dissertation]. Shenyang Agr Univ.

[134] Zong S.C., Zhang A.L., . Chemical Constituents from Schisandra grandiflora. Acta Agr Boreali-occidentalis Sinica.. 2013;22:156-161.
[Google Scholar]

[135] Zou J.M., Chen Y., Chen X.Q., Wei B.H., Zheng X.Q., Zhang G.G., . Study on the antibacterial activity of Schisandra chinensis extract. Jiangsu Agr Sci.. 2011;39:400-402.
[Google Scholar]

A systematic review on triterpenoids from genus Schisandra: Botany, traditional use, pharmacology and modern application

Abstract

Keywords

Schisandra

Traditional uses

Triterpenoids

Pharmacological

Development utilization

Review

1 Introduction

2 Search strategy

3 Physiology, description and distribution

4 Traditional use of Schisandra

5 Triterpenoids

5.1 Lanostane

5.1.1 Intact lanostanes

5.1.2 3,4-Secolanostanes

5.2 Cycloartane

5.3 Nortriterpeonids

5.3.1 Schiartane

5.3.2 18-Norschiartane

5.3.3 Wuweiziartane and lancischiartane

5.3.4 Preschisanartane

5.3.5 16,17-Secopreschisanartane and 14,15-secopreschisanartan

5.3.6 Lancifoartane and 12,22-Cyclopreschisanartane

5.3.7 14-Nor-16,17-secopreschis anartane and 15,17-Dicyclolancifoartan

5.3.8 Schisanartane

5.3.9 8,9-Seco-12,22-cyclopreschisanartane and 9,23:12,22-Dicyclolancischiartane

5.3.10 Octanortriterpenoids and others

5.4 Pentacyclic triterpenoids

6 Pharmacology of Schisandra spp

6.1 Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects

6.2 Anti-tumor effects

6.3 Anti-HIV effects

6.4 Neuroprotective effects

6.5 Immunomodulation effects

6.6 Anti-oxidation activity

6.7 Antimicrobial activity

6.8 Insecticidal activity

6.9 Others

7 Treatment potential

7.1 Liver injury

7.2 Diabetes

7.3 Cardiovascular disease

8 Exploitation

8.1 New drug development

8.2 Economic importance

9 Discussion, development status and prospects

Author contributions

Funding

Declaration of Competing Interest

References

Suggested read for related articles: