An integrated strategy for comprehensive characterization of chemical components in Qingqiao Kangdu granules by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS coupled with feature-based molecular networking
⁎Corresponding authors. yanfang303@163.com (Fang Yan), 20120941161@bucm.edu.cn (Wei Cai)
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Received: ,
Accepted: ,
This article was originally published by Elsevier and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Qingqiao Kangdu granule (QQKDG), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used clinically to treat various viral diseases, including flu, mumps, and viral hepatitis, owing to its abundant bioactivities. Nevertheless, the chemical components of QQKDG have not been sufficiently elucidated; consequently, the development of standards for quality evaluation and complete understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of action are hindered. Therefore, a systematic approach must be developed to efficiently discover novel compounds and advance pharmacological research. In this regard, this study proposed an integrated strategy for the comprehensive characterization of the chemical components in QQKDG by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS coupled with feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) to improve annotation accuracy and achieve visualization. First, the chromatographic and mass spectrum conditions were optimized to obtain good separation and abundant signal response. Subsequently, an in-house library was established by searching for relevant literature to improve annotation confidence. Finally, the raw data acquired under optimized conditions were uploaded to the FBMN to achieve component visualization by connecting precursor ions of the same color, in which compounds have similar structural features. Thus, a total of 231 compounds, including 89 flavonoids, 36 phenolic acids, 26 phenylethanoid glycosides, 23 coumarins, 17 chlorogenic acid derivatives, 14 terpenoids, 10 alkaloids, 10 lignans and 6 other compounds, were characterized, and numerous novel compounds with new structures were explored. Thus, this study provides a strategy for comprehensive characterization, which can also be applied to other TCMs.
Keywords
Qingqiao Kangdu granule
Characterization
UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS
Feature-based molecular networking
1 Introduction
Currently, increasingly number of complex diseases that are difficult to control and cure using the conventional drug development philosophy of single-compound–single-target, whereby a drug with only one compound targets a specific protein to treat a particular disease, are surfacing (Hu and Sun, 2017; Wang et al., 2014). Since centuries, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been used extensively in China and other Asian countries to treat difficult miscellaneous diseases; they comprise several medicinal herbs mixed in a specific mass ratio according to the rules of the monarch, minister, assistant, and guide (Pang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018). Recently, TCMs have received considerable attention in treating complicated and chronic diseases owing to their multicomponent, multipathway, and multitarget effects (Wang et al., 2020). For example, Yupingfeng San is a TCM formula that consists of three herbs, Huangqi, Fangfeng, and Baizhu in Chinese, which improve lung Qi, relieve pain, and enhance the spleen, owing to the antiimmunity, antiinflammatory, and gastrointestinal tract regulation effects based on the chemical components of flavonoids, chromones, and sesquiterpenoids in lung diseases (Zhang et al., 2015; Aravilli et al., 2017; Xu and Zhang, 2020; Yang et al., 2021). Several TCMs can be combined with Western medicines to relieve clinical symptoms and reduce toxicity and side effects, thereby improving the quality of life of patients (Xu and Chen, 2010).
Qingqiaokangdu granule (QQKDG), a TCM formula, was developed by the hospital affiliated with the Chengdu University of TCM according to the local climatic characteristics and features of resident crowd. This QQKDG is composed of fourteen herbs, namely Lonicera japoraca (yinhuateng), Forsythia suspensa (lianqiao), Pueraria montana (fenge), Angelicae dahuricae (baizhi), Artemisia caruifolia (qinghao), Radix Bupleuri (chaihu), Paridis Rhizoma (chonglou), the dried root of Isatis tinctoria (banlangen), the dried rhizoma of Iris tectorum (chunshegan), Taraxacum mongolicum (pugongying), the dried leaves of Isatis indigotica (daqingye), Pogostemon cablin (guanghuoxiang), Perillae Folium (zisuye), and Mentha canadensis (bohe) (Xiong et al., 2014). Modern pharmacological research has demonstrated that QQKDG has the effects of clearing heat, detoxifying, relieving external heat, and reducing fever; thus, it has been extensively used in treating viral diseases, including flu, mumps, and viral hepatitis (Xia et al., 2016). Its efficacy and safety have been proven in double-blind randomized, controlled clinical trials (Xiong, 2015). Although QQKDG has remarkable efficacy on anemopyretic cold, it contains numerous unknown chemical compounds, owing to which, elucidating the therapeutic material basis and action mechanisms, and their globalization are both challenging. Xia et al. developed a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) switching wavelengths to simultaneously determine the content of seven constituents in QQKDG (Xia et al., 2016). Therefore, the chemical compounds in QQKDG must be determined, which can be useful for quality control and standardization.
Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a powerful analytical tool for identifying and characterizing the chemical compounds in TCMs owing to its strong separation ability and structure prediction (Fu et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2021). Computer-aided software, developed primarily for targeted screening based on known databases, has the advantage of complex data processing and has greatly promoted the characterization of chemical components in TCMs, such as waters UNIFI and thermo fisher compound discoverer (Chen et al., 2021). Global natural products social (GNPS, https://gnps.ucsd.edu/) molecular networking (MN) is an open-access knowledge platform for the rapid clustering and analysis of mass spectrometry data; it was developed to comprehensively characterize the chemical ingredients of TCMs according to MS/MS spectrum similarity and public databases (Zhang et al., 2021). In addition, MN was applied to speculate unannotated nodes by relating them to structural analogs of annotated compounds based on MS data and fragmentation pathways (Zhang et al., 2022). Feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), a novel data analysis tool in MN, has been employed to distinguish isomers, essentially providing several advantages in visualizing and clustering unknown compounds (Li et al., 2022). It is beneficial for rapidly identifying compounds in complex systems and discovering unknown components owing to their strong integration and classification abilities. Therefore, in this study, an integrated strategy was established to rapidly detect and characterize the chemical components of QQKDG using UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS coupled with FBMN. This is the first systematic investigation of the chemical composition of QQKDG, and the results provide a comprehensive understanding of the material basis of QQKDG against anemopyretic colds. This strategy also provides an efficient method for identifying ingredients in TCM prescriptions.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Materials and reagents
QQKDG were obtained from the Hospital of the Chengdu University of TCM (Chengdu, China; batch number: 20220210). A total of 42 reference standards, including 22 flavonoids, 7 phenylpropanoids, 5 organic acids, 3 coumarins, 1 lignan, 1 terpenoid, 1 alkaloid, 1 paraben, and 1 phenylethanoid glycoside, were characterized by 1HNMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectral analyses, and the purities were above 98 % by HPLC analysis. Detailed information regarding the reference standards is provided in Supplementary Table S1. Chromatography-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). Distilled water was obtained from Guangzhou Watson Food and Beverage Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). LC-MS-grade formic acid was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). All the other reagents were of analytical grade.
2.2 Sample preparation
QQKDG (5 g) was ultrasonically extracted with 70 % methanol (100 mL) for 1 h at room temperature. The extracting solution was concentrated at 50 °C using a rotary vacuum evaporator and water was removed using a freeze dryer to obtain the residue of QQKDG. Subsequently, the portion of QQKDG was dissolved in methanol and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 20 min, and filtered through a 0.22-μm millipore filter before LC-MS analysis.
The 42 reference standards were dissolved in methanol at an approximate concentration of 1 mg/mL. Each stock solution was mixed and diluted in methanol to obtain the standard mixture solution (approximately 20 μg/mL). Subsequently, the mixed solution was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 20 min, and the supernatant was stored at 4 °C before analysis.
2.3 Liquid chromatographic conditions
Chromatographic separation of the sample was performed using an Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, California, USA) equipped with a binary pump, autosampler, degasser, and column compartment. The separation of the QQKDG was performed on a Thermo Scientific Syncronis C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) at 45 °C. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1 % formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B). The flow rate was 0.28 mL/min, and the gradient elution program was optimized as: 0–2 min, 5–10 % B; 2–5 min, 10–15 % B; 5–10 min, 15–20 % B; 10–12 min, 20–40 % B; 12–20 min, 40–55 % B; 20–25 min, 55–80 % B; 25–26 min, 80–5 % B; and 26–30 min, 5 % B. The injection volume was 2 µL.
2.4 MS spectrometry conditions
Mass spectrometry was performed using a Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) instrument equipped with a heated electrospray ionization source (HESI). Data acquisition progressed in both positive and negative ion modes through full-scan data-dependent MS/MS (full scan-ddMS2) with a mass range of m/z 100–1500. Mass spectrometry conditions were set as follows. The capillarycc voltage was set as 3.5 kV in the positive ion mode and 3.0 kV in the negative ion mode; the full mass resolution was set to 70000; the heater temperature and heated capillary temperature were 350 and 320 °C, respectively; the sheath gas and auxiliary gas flow rate were 30 and 10 arb, respectively; the S-lens radio frequency (RF) level was 50; and the ddMS2 resolution was set to 17500. The stepped normalized collision energies (NCEs) of 30, 40, and 60 % were employed for fragmentation. Xcalibur 4.2 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, California, USA) was used for data acquisition and analysis.
2.5 Feature-based molecular networking analysis
The UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS raw data in positive and negative ionization modes were converted to mzXML format with MS conversion and then imported into MZmine (version 2.53) for chromatographic feature extraction. The MZmine filter parameters are listed in Supplementary Table S2. Two files, the feature quantification table (.CSV file) with peak areas and MS2 spectral summaries (.MGF file) with a representative MS2 spectrum were exported from MZmine; subsequently, the MS2 file MGF, feature quantification table, and original mzML were imported into the GNPS FBMN analysis website (https://gnps-quickstart.ucsd.edu/featurebasednetworking) and visualized using Cytoscape 3.9.1. The molecular networking parameters included a precursor ion mass tolerance of 0.02 Da, minimum matched peaks > 6, cosine score of > 0.7, and library search matched peaks > 3.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Integrated strategy for data analysis
QQKDG is composed of 14 herbs containing tens of thousands of compounds. Thus, herein, an effective strategy was established to comprehensively and accurately characterize the chemical constituents of QQKDG in Fig. 1. This strategy comprises three steps. First, to achieve good separation and abundant signal response, the proportion and variety of mobile phases, including acetonitrile-aqueous, methanol-aqueous, acetonitrile-aqueous with 0.1 % formic acid, and methanol-aqueous with 0.1 % formic acid, were optimized to obtain better chromatographic conditions. Thus, the mobile phases consisted of acetonitrile-aqueous with 0.1 % formic acid, which could be considered as the most optimized separation condition, and the proportion was in “2.3 Liquid chromatographic conditions.” Second, information regarding the compound names, molecular formulae, and exact MS/MS fragment ions of the chemical components derived from the 14 herbs of QQKDG were obtained from PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), CNKI (https://www.cnki.net), Web of Science (https://www.webofknowledge.com), and Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/) to develop an in-house library of QQKDG. The unknown compounds were identified by comparing the quasi-molecular ion and MS2 fragment ions using an in-house library, and the fragmentation patterns were summarized based on existing standards. Third, GNPS were used to detect and identify unknown compounds based on fragment similarity. Raw data, including MS and MS/MS spectra, were converted into mzXML format and uploaded to mzmine software for data preprocessing; subsequently, the files of the quantification table and MS2 spectral summary were imported into the GNPS-FBMN platform. In addition, the MS2 fragment ions were matched with the GNPS database for a fast and accurate analysis. Unannotated compounds were identified according to the MS/MS spectral relevance between the annotated compounds and in-house library.

- An integrated strategy for chemical characterization of QQKDG extract.
3.2 Characterization of chemical constituents in QQKDG by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS based on FBMN
In this study, 231 compounds were detected, of which 42 compounds were precisely identified and 189 compounds were putatively identified using the integrated strategy; these compounds included 89 flavonoids, 36 phenolic acids, 25 phenylethanoid glycosides, 23 coumarins, 17 chlorogenic acid derivatives, 14 terpenoids, 10 alkaloids, 10 lignans, and 7 others. Detailed information of components, including peak number, retention time (Rt), accurate molecular ions, formulas, mass errors (within ± 5 ppm), fragment ions and compound names, are presented in Table 1 and Supplementary Table S3. High-resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs) of QQKDG in both positive and negative ion modes are shown in Fig. 2. In addition, the raw data in the two ion modes were processed using FBMN, an advanced processing method for distinguishing isomers with similar MS2 spectra (Qu et al., 2023). Compounds of the same type could be clustered together and annotated by matching the MS/MS fragment ions of the FBMN database. Therefore, a comprehensive FBMN of QQKDG based on MS/MS spectral similarity was obtained, as shown in Supplementary Fig. S1. The molecular map contained a total of 2867 precursor ions, including 354 clusters (nodes, ≥2) and 3580 edges in negative mode, and a total of 2936 precursor ions, including 298 clusters (nodes, ≥2) and 4282 edges in positive mode. More detailed information is available on the open website (https://gnps.ucsd.edu/ProteoSAFe/status.jsp?task=445f9d16f4774ce0a7be99730bc6dcf1 in the negative mode; https://gnps.ucsd.edu/ProteoSAFe/status.jsp?task=c4b076f753b944dd94b8101de8abafe0 in the positive mode).
peak | tR | Theoretical Mass m/z | Experimental Mass m/z | Error (ppm) | Formula | Identification | peak | tR | Theoretical Mass m/z | Experimental Mass m/z | Error (ppm) | Formula | Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1* | 0.86 | 191.05611 | 191.05501 | −5.76 | C7H12O6 | Quinic acid | 117* | 10.80 | 623.19814 | 623.19745 | −1.11 | C29H36O15 | Forsythoside A |
2 | 0.92 | 191.01972 | 191.01875 | −5.11 | C6H8O7 | Isocitric acid | 118* | 10.88 | 593.15119 595.16574 |
593.15088 595.16370 |
−0.53 −3.43 |
C27H30O15 | Kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside |
3* | 1.32 | 191.01972 | 191.01874 | −5.16 | C6H8O7 | Citric acid | 119* | 10.95 | 623.19814 | 623.19751 | −1.02 | C29H36O15 | Acteoside |
4 | 1.35 | 344.04015 | 344.03983 | −0.95 | C10H12N5O7P | cGMP | 120 | 10.97 | 461.14422 | 461.14096 | −7.08 | C23H24O10 | Kuzubutenolide A |
5 | 1.76 | 361.11402 | 361.11368 | −0.94 | C15H22O10 | 3,4-DihydroxylPhenyle-thanoidglycoside | 121 | 11.04 | 417.11800 | 417.11646 | −3.71 | C21H20O9 | Neopuerarin |
6* | 2.07 | 169.01424 | 169.01321 | −6.13 | C7H6O5 | Gallic acid | 122* | 11.04 | 463.08819465.10275 | 463.08792465.10114 | −0.60 −3.46 |
C21H20O12 | Isoquercitrin |
7 | 2.32 | 335.13475 | 335.13464 | −0.35 | C14H24O9 | Rengynic acid-1′-O-β-D-glucoside | 123 | 11.14 | 461.07254 | 461.07239 | −0.35 | C21H18O12 | Scutellarin |
8 | 2.80 | 315.07215 | 315.10834 | −0.64 | C13H16O9 | protoeatechuic acid-O-glucoside isomer | 124 | 11.25 | 461.07254 | 461.07242 | −0.28 | C21H18O12 | Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide |
9 | 2.85 | 331.06706 | 331.06699 | −0.24 | C13H16O10 | Gallic acid-4-O-glucoside | 125 | 11.28 | 623.16175 625.17631 |
623.15979 625.17401 |
−3.15–3.68 | C28H32O16 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-neohespeidoside |
10 | 3.29 | 315.07215 | 315.07199 | −0.52 | C13H16O9 | protoeatechuic acid-O-glucoside isomer | 126 | 11.31 | 447.09328449.10783 | 447.09308449.10645 | −0.46 −3.09 |
C21H20O11 | Luteolin-5-O-glucoside |
11 | 3.33 | 197.04554 | 197.04460 | −4.80 | C9H10O5 | Danshensu | 127 | 11.43 | 247.06009 | 247.05942 | −2.75 | C13H10O5 | Pimpinellin |
12 | 3.38 | 515.14063 517.15518 |
515.14008 517.15381 |
−1.07–2.65 | C22H28O14 | caffeoylquinic acid-hexoside | 128 | 11.51 | 477.10384 | 477.10367 | −0.38 | C22H22O12 | Genistein-7-O-glucoside |
13 | 3.53 | 329.08780 | 329.08765 | −0.47 | C14H18O9 | vanillic acid -O-glucopyranoside | 129* | 11.52 | 431.09837433.11292 | 431.09778433.11130 | −1.37–3.74 | C21H20O10 | Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside |
14 | 3.85 | 315.07215 | 315.07202 | −0.43 | C13H16O9 | protoeatechuic acid-O-glucoside isomer | 130 | 11.55 | 769.25605 | 769.25568 | −0.48 | C35H46O19 | Forsythoside G |
15 | 4.06 | 375.12967 | 375.12912 | −1.47 | C16H24O10 | 8-Epiloganic acid | 131 | 11.57 | 653.17232 655.18687 |
653.17181 655.18469 |
−0.79–3.33 | C29H34O17 | Iristectorigenin B-7-O-β-glucosyl (1 → 6) glucoside isomer |
16 | 4.11 | 515.14063 517.15518 |
515.14001 517.15350 |
−1.20–3.25 | C22H28O14 | caffeoylquinic acid-hexoside | 132 | 11.58 | 477.14023 | 477.13931 | −1.94 | C23H26O11 | Calceolarioside B |
17 | 4.16 | 505.15627 | 505.15610 | −0.35 | C21H30O14 | Hebitol II | 133 | 11.61 | 247.09648 | 247.09560 | −3.58 | C14H14O4 | Marmesin |
18 | 4.31 | 311.04085 | 311.04062 | −0.76 | C13H12O9 | Caftaric acid | 134 | 11.88 | 607.20322 | 607.20343 | 0.33 | C29H36O14 | Lipedpside A |
19* | 4.33 | 353.08780355.10235 | 353.08740355.10101 | −1.15–3.79 | C16H18O9 | Neochlorogenic acid | 135 | 11.92 | 453.14023 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
453.14005 | −0.41 | C20H24O9 | Nodakenin |
20 | 4.43 | 447.15079 | 447.15048 | −0.71 | C19H28O12 | rebouoside B | 136 | 11.93 | 247.09648 | 247.09558 | −3.66 | C14H14O4 | Decursinol |
21 | 4.49 | 341.08781 | 341.08768 | −0.37 | C15H18O9 | caffeic acid-O-glucoside | 137 | 12.02 | 445.11402 | 445.11356 | −1.03 | C22H22O10 | 3′-Methoxy puerarin |
22 | 4.60 | 515.14063 517.15518 |
515.14014 517.15356 |
−0.95–3.13 | C22H28O14 | caffeoylquinic acid-hexoside | 138 | 12.05 | 515.11949 517.13405 |
515.11859 | −1.77 | C25H24O12 | 1, 4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid |
23 | 4.74 | 299.11362 | 299.11334 | −0.96 | C14H20O7 | Salidroside | 139* | 12.11 | 461.10893463.12348 | 461.10834463.12137 | −1.29 −4.57 |
C22H22O11 | Tectoridin |
24 | 4.82 | 461.16644 | 461.16586 | −1.28 | C20H30O12 | Forsythoside E | 140 | 12.22 | 477.10384 479.11840 |
477.10379 479.11661 |
−0.12 −3.74 |
C22H22O12 | Isorhamnetin-5-O-glucoside |
25 | 4.91 | 339.07215 | 339.07156 | −1.76 | C15H16O9 | Esculin | 141 | 12.31 | 503.11840 | 503.11658 | −3.62 | C24H22O12 | 6′′-O-Malonyl daidzin |
26 | 4.92 | 327.13393 | 327.13235 | −8.19 | C18H18N2O4 | isaindigodione isomer | 142* | 12.32 | 593.15119 595.16574 |
593.15070 595.16364 |
−0.83 −3.53 |
C27H30O15 | Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside |
27 | 4.92 | 535.16684 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
535.16620 | −1.20 | C21H30O13 | Tectoruside | 143 | 12.36 | 507.11441 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
507.11386 | −1.09 | C22H22O11 | Isotectorigenin-O-glucoside |
28 | 4.93 | 579.17083 | 579.16840 | −4.20 | C27H30O14 | Puerarin-4′-O-glucoside | 144* | 12.39 | 515.11949517.13405 | 515.11884517.13226 | −1.28–3.46 | C25H24O12 | Isochlorogenic acid B |
29 | 4.95 | 375.12967 | 375.12906 | −1.63 | C16H24O10 | Loganic acid | 145* | 12.52 | 515.11949517.13405 | 515.11884517.13239 | −1.28–3.21 | C25H24O12 | Isochlorogenic acid A |
30 | 5.21 | 407.09837 | 407.09793 | −1.30 | C19H20O10 | Iriflophenone-2-O-β-glucoside | 146 | 12.54 | 623.19814 | 623.19757 | −0.92 | C29H36O15 | Forsythoside I |
31 | 5.33 | 375.12967 | 375.12924 | −1.15 | C16H24O10 | Adoxosidic acid | 147 | 12.55 | 357.13436 | 357.13370 | −1.85 | C20H22O6 | Epipinoresinol |
32 | 5.40 | 355.10345 | 355.10336 | −0.27 | C16H20O9 | ferulic acid-O-glucoside | 148 | 12.55 | 519.18718 | 519.18646 | −1.40 | C26H32O11 | Pinoresinol-O-glucoside |
33 | 5.44 | 337.09289 | 337.09280 | −0.27 | C16H18O8 | p-coumaroylquinic acid | 149 | 12.56 | 477.10384 479.11840 |
477.10342 | −0.90 | C22H22O12 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside |
34 | 5.48 | 709.19853 | 709.19836 | −0.25 | C32H38O18 | Mirificin-4′-O-glucoside | 150 | 12.56 | 538.22828 [M + NH4]+ |
538.22638 | −3.54 | C26H32O11 | Matairesinol-4-O-D-glucopyranoside |
35 | 5.51 | 341.08781 | 341.08771 | −0.28 | C15H18O9 | caffeic acid-O-glucoside | 151 | 12.57 | 247.09648 | 247.09549 | −4.03 | C14H14O4 | Columbianetin |
36 | 5.60 | 295.04594 | 295.04562 | −1.09 | C13H12O8 | coumaroyl-tartaric acid | 152 | 12.60 | 607.20322 | 607.20325 | 0.04 | C29H36O14 | Forsythenside K |
37 | 5.62 | 389.10893 | 389.10855 | −0.99 | C16H22O11 | secologanoside | 153 | 12.68 | 623.16175 | 623.16022 | −2.47 | C28H32O16 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside |
38 | 5.74 | 327.13393 | 327.13245 | −7.89 | C18H18N2O4 | isaindigodione isomer | 154 | 12.72 | 433.11402 | 433.11383 | −0.44 | C21H22O10 | Naringenin-7-O-glucoside |
39 | 5.74 | 579.17083 | 579.16858 | −3.89 | C27H30O14 | Daidzein-4,7-O-glucoside | 155 | 12.74 | 491.11949 | 491.11890 | −1.22 | C23H24O12 | Iristectorin B |
40* | 5.79 | 353.08780355.10235 | 353.08734 | −1.32 | C16H18O9 | Chlorogenic acid | 156 | 12.81 | 349.08636 | 349.08618 | −0.53 | C16H18N2O5S | Indole-3-acetonitrile-2-S-β-D-glucopyranoside |
41 | 5.82 | 373.11402 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
373.11349 | −1.42 | C15H20O8 | Androsin | 157 | 12.90 | 503.17701 [M−H + CH3COOH]- |
503.17767 | 1.30 | C20H28O11 | Hyuganoside Ⅳ |
42 | 5.98 | 253.07176 | 253.07141 | −1.39 | C12H14O6 | hwanggeumchal B isomer 1 | 158 | 12.95 | 477.10384 479.11840 |
477.10330 | −1.15 | C22H22O12 | Isorhamnetin-7-O-glucoside |
43* | 6.02 | 353.08780355.10235 | 353.08737355.10068 | −1.23–4.72 | C16H18O9 | Cryptochlorogenic acid | 159 | 12.95 | 507.11441 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
507.11389 | −1.03 | C22H22O11 | Isotectorigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside isomer 2 |
44 | 6.03 | 355.10235 | 355.10068 | −4.73 | C16H18O9 | Scopolin | 160* | 12.98 | 445.07763447.09218 | 445.07724447.09067 | −0.89 −3.39 |
C21H18O11 | Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide |
45 | 6.03 | 507.17192 | 507.17133 | −1.18 | C21H32O14 | secologanoside A | 161 | 12.99 | 717.14610 | 717.14618 | 0.10 | C36H30O16 | Salvianolic acid B |
46 | 6.05 | 373.11402 | 373.11356 | −1.23 | C16H22O10 | Swertiamarin | 162* | 13.04 | 515.11949517.13405 | 515.11890517.13239 | −1.16–3.21 | C25H24O12 | Isochlorogenic acid C |
47 | 6.26 | 367.10345 369.11800 |
367.10318 369.11664 |
−0.75 −3.70 |
C17H20O9 | Feruloylquinic acid | 163 | 13.10 | 719.16175 | 719.16113 | −0.87 | C36H32O16 | Sagerinic acid |
48 | 6.40 | 177.01933 | 177.01837 | −5.43 | C9H6O4 | Daphnetin | 164* | 13.10 | 359.07724 | 359.07681 | −1.20 | C18H16O8 | Rosmarinic acid |
49* | 6.50 | 179.03498 | 179.03394 | −5.82 | C9H8O4 | Caffeic acid | 165 | 13.14 | 491.11949 | 491.11890 | −1.22 | C23H24O12 | Iristectorin A |
50 | 6.67 | 355.10345 | 355.10355 | 0.27 | C16H20O9 | ferulic acid-O-glucoside | 166 | 13.20 | 521.13006523.14461 | 521.12952523.14252 | −1.04–4.00 | C24H26O13 | Iridin |
51 | 6.73 | 593.15119 595.16574 |
593.15100 595.16351 |
−0.33–3.75 | C27H30O15 | Glucosylvitexin | 167 | 13.21 | 267.07641 | 267.07529 | −4.23 | C15H10O3N2 | 3-(2′-carboxyPhenyl)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone |
52 | 6.79 | 627.15557 | 627.15350 | −3.31 | C27H30O17 | 168* | 13.21 | 435.12967 | 435.12897 | −1.61 | C21H24O10 | Phlorizin | |
53 | 6.84 | 579.17083 | 579.16876 | −3.58 | C27H30O14 | 6″-O-α-D-glucopyranosylpuerarin | 169 | 13.24 | 459.12857 | 459.12683 | −3.80 | C23H22O10 | 6″-O-Acetyl daidzin |
54 | 6.89 | 481.09876 | 481.09842 | −0.72 | C21H22O13 | gallic acid-3-methyl ether-4-O-protocatechuoylglucoside | 170 | 13.26 | 621.18249 | 621.18250 | 0.01 | C29H34O15 | Suspensaside A |
55 | 6.92 | 579.17083 | 579.16852 | −3.99 | C27H30O14 | 3′-Methoxypuerarin-O-apioside | 171 | 13.34 | 519.18718 | 519.18701 | −0.34 | C26H32O11 | Matairesinoside |
56* | 6.95 | 342.16998 [M]+ |
342.16867 | −3.84 | C20H24O4N | Magnoflorine | 172 | 13.39 | 473.14532 | 473.14520 | −0.25 | C24H26O10 | Sophoraside A |
57 | 6.96 | 253.07176 | 253.07141 | −1.39 | C12H14O6 | hwanggeumchal B isomer 2 | 173 | 13.39 | 519.15079 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
519.15100 | 0.39 | C25H28O12 | Pueroside C |
58* | 7.06 | 417.11800 415.10345 |
417.11606 415.10291 |
−4.67 −1.31 |
C21H20O9 | Puerarin | 174 | 13.40 | 373.12927 | 373.12967 | 1.06 | C20H22O7 | (+)-1-Hydroxylpinoresinol |
59 | 7.12 | 639.19305 | 639.19287 | −0.29 | C29H36O16 | R-suspensaside | 175 | 13.61 | 315.05102 | 315.05084 | −0.59 | C16H12O7 | Irilin D |
60 | 7.13 | 707.25215 [M + Na]+ |
707.24933 | −4.00 | C32H44O16 | Lariciresinol-4,4′ -O-β-D-diglucoside | 176 | 13.62 | 431.13365 | 431.13217 | −3.45 | C22H22O9 | Ononin |
61 | 7.14 | 729.26113 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
729.26111 | −0.04 | C32H44O16 | Clemastanin B | 177 | 13.68 | 467.21339 | 467.21368 | 0.60 | C20H36O12 | N-octanoylsucrose |
62 | 7.16 | 387.16605 | 387.16574 | −0.82 | C18H28O9 | Jasmonic acid-5′-O-glucoside | 178 | 13.81 | 239.08150 | 239.08054 | −4.03 | C14H10O2N2 | 3-(2′-Hydroxypheny)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone |
63 | 7.28 | 639.19305 | 639.19318 | 0.19 | C29H36O16 | isocampneoside II | 179 | 13.83 | 431.13365 | 431.13223 | −3.31 | C22H22O9 | Isoononin |
64* | 7.33 | 403.12458 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
403.12405 | −1.33 | C16H22O9 | Sweroside | 180 | 13.87 | 283.15509 | 283.15482 | −0.98 | C15H24O5 | Dihydroartemisinin |
65 | 7.35 | 435.15079 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
435.15027 | 1.30 | C17H26O10 | Loganin | 181 | 13.90 | 255.06518 | 255.06404 | −4.49 | C15H10O4 | Daidzein |
66 | 7.39 | 337.09289 339.10744 |
337.09283 339.10574 |
−0.18 −5.02 |
C16H18O8 | p-Coumaroylquinic acid | 182* | 13.90 | 579.20831 [M−H + HCOOH]- |
579.20770 | −1.06 | C27H34O11 | Forsythin |
67 | 7.46 | 593.15119 595.16574 |
593.15100 595.16364 |
−0.33–3.53 | C27H30O15 | Vicenin II | 183 | 13.96 | 203.03388 | 203.03311 | −3.82 | C11H6O4 | Xanthotoxol |
68 | 7.51 | 639.19305 | 639.19293 | −0.20 | C29H36O16 | S-suspensaside | 184 | 13.96 | 287.09140 | 287.09018 | −4.25 | C16H14O5 | Oxypeucedanin |
69* | 7.56 | 547.14571 549.16026 |
547.14539 549.15802 |
−0.59–4.09 | C26H28O13 | Puerarin apioside | 185 | 13.96 | 305.10196 | 305.10077 | −3.92 | C16H16O6 | Prangenin hydrate |
70* | 7.63 | 515.11949517.13405 | 515.11902517.13257 | −0.93–2.86 | C25H24O12 | 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | 186 | 13.96 | 504.18751 | 504.18851 | 1.97 | C25H31NO10 | L-Phenylalaninosecologanin B |
71 | 7.67 | 653.17232 655.18687 |
653.17212 655.18488 |
−0.31–3.04 | C29H34O17 | Iristectorin B-4′-O-glucoside | 187 | 14.03 | 677.15119 | 677.15070 | −0.73 | C34H30O15 | 3, 4, 5-O-tricaffeoylquinic acid |
72 | 8.01 | 637.10463 | 637.10455 | −0.14 | C27H26O18 | Scutellarein-7-O-diglucuronide | 188 | 14.08 | 319.11761 | 319.11630 | −4.12 | C17H18O6 | 3′-O-Acetylhamaudol |
73 | 8.09 | 639.19305 | 639.19312 | 0.10 | C29H36O16 | Lugrandoside | 189 | 14.09 | 653.17232 655.18687 |
653.17151 655.18469 |
−1.24 −3.33 |
C29H34O17 | Iristectorigenin B-7-O-β-glucosyl(1 → 6)-glucoside isomer |
74 | 8.30 | 239.09249 | 239.09195 | −2.29 | C12H16O5 | 3,4′-Dihydroxy-3′-methoxy-benzenepentanoic acid | 190* | 14.20 | 285.04046 | 285.04013 | −1.16 | C15H10O6 | Luteolin |
75 | 8.30 | 579.17083 | 579.16882 | −3.47 | C27H30O14 | 3′-Methoxydaidzin-O-apioside | 191* | 14.21 | 301.03537 | 301.03500 | −1.25 | C15H10O7 | Quercetin |
76 | 8.31 | 593.15119 595.16574 |
593.15094 595.16345 |
−0.43–3.85 | C27H30O15 | Glucosyl-vitexin | 192 | 14.36 | 305.10196 | 305.10083 | −3.72 | C16H16O6 | Oxypeucedan hydrate |
77 | 8.31 | 639.19305 | 639.19263 | −0.67 | C29H36O16 | R-campneoside II | 193 | 14.54 | 207.06628 | 207.05037 | −3.17 | C11H12O4 | Ethyl caffeate |
78 | 8.37 | 403.12458 | 403.12405 | −1.33 | C17H24O11 | Secoxyloganin | 194 | 14.57 | 335.11252 | 335.11087 | −4.95 | C17H18O7 | Byakangelicin |
79 | 8.37 | 563.14062 565.15518 |
563.14020 565.15283 |
−0.76 −4.16 |
C26H28O14 | Schaftoside | 195* | 14.57 | 317.10196 | 317.10046 | −4.75 | C17H16O6 | Byakangelicol |
80 | 8.37 | 637.10463 | 637.10419 | −0.70 | C27H26O18 | Luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide | 196* | 14.93 | 271.06119 | 271.06100 | −0.73 | C15H12O5 | Naringenin |
81 | 8.39 | 367.10345 369.11800 |
367.10297 369.11646 |
−1.32–4.19 | C17H20O9 | Feruloylquinic acid | 197* | 15.02 | 269.04554 | 269.04532 | −0.84 | C15H10O5 | Apigenin |
82 | 8.45 | 639.19305 | 639.19348 | 0.66 | C29H36O16 | S-campneoside II | 198 | 15.05 | 387.14492 | 387.14471 | −0.56 | C21H24O7 | 5′-O-caffeyl-jasmonic acid |
83 | 8.66 | 449.14532 | 449.14478 | −1.20 | C22H26O10 | Forsythenside F | 199* | 15.22 | 285.04046 | 285.04010 | −1.27 | C15H10O6 | Kaempferol |
84 | 8.69 | 417.11800 | 417.11612 | −4.53 | C21H20O9 | Daidzin | 200 | 15.23 | 299.05611 | 299.05566 | −1.51 | C16H12O6 | Tectorigenin |
85 | 8.78 | 639.19305 | 639.19275 | −0.48 | C29H36O16 | Isolugrandoside | 201* | 15.50 | 315.05102 | 315.05084 | −0.59 | C16H12O7 | Isorhamnetin |
86 | 8.81 | 563.14062 565.15518 |
563.14038 565.15302 |
−0.44–3.82 | C26H28O14 | Vicenin III | 202 | 15.56 | 329.06667 | 329.06635 | −0.99 | C17H14O7 | Iristectorigenin A |
87* | 8.92 | 447.09328449.10783 | 447.09293449.10663 | −0.79 −2.68 |
C21H20O11 | Orientin | 203 | 15.62 | 277.10705 | 277.10587 | −4.26 | C15H16O5 | 3′(R)-+-Hamaudol |
88 | 9.07 | 187.08658 | 187.08591 | −3.63 | C11H10N2O | Deoxyvasicinone | 204 | 15.65 | 217.04953 | 217.04863 | −4.17 | C12H8O4 | Bergapten |
89 | 9.16 | 447.09328449.10783 | 447.09290449.10660 | −0.86–2.75 | C21H20O11 | Homoorientin | 205* | 15.78 | 359.07724 | 359.07690 | −0.95 | C18H16O8 | Irigenin |
90 | 9.17 | 477.06746 | 477.06732 | −0.30 | C21H18O13 | Quercetin-3-O-β-D-Glucuronide | 206 | 15.79 | 329.06667 | 329.06647 | −0.63 | C17H14O7 | Iristectorigenin B |
91 | 9.26 | 535.18209 | 535.18195 | −0.28 | C26H32O12 | (+)-Hydroxylpinoresinol-4′-O-glucopyranoside | 207 | 16.06 | 359.07724 | 359.07700 | −0.67 | C18H16O8 | Sudachitin |
92 | 9.32 | 431.09837433.11292 | 431.09790433.11136 | −1.09–3.60 | C21H20O10 | Vitexin | 208 | 16.43 | 279.07641 | 279.07541 | −3.62 | C16H10N2O3 | Hydroxy lindirubin |
93 | 9.36 | 447.09328449.10783 | 447.09290449.10620 | −0.86 −3.647 |
C21H20O11 | Kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | 209 | 16.44 | 267.06628 | 267.06580 | −1.81 | C16H12O4 | Formononetin |
94 | 9.38 | 609.18249 | 609.18225 | −0.40 | C28H34O15 | Forsythoside J | 210 | 16.60 | 217.04953 | 217.04887 | −3.07 | C12H8O4 | Xanthotoxin |
95 | 9.45 | 579.17192 | 579.17163 | −0.52 | C27H32O14 | Naringin | 211 | 16.68 | 247.06009 | 247.05922 | −3.562 | C13H10O5 | Isopimpinellin |
96 | 9.47 | 477.10384 479.11840 |
477.10364 | −0.44 | C22H22O12 | 3′-Hydorxytectoridin | 212 | 17.18 | 327.05102 | 327.05075 | −0.84 | C17H12O7 | Iriflogenin |
97 | 9.51 | 563.14062 565.15518 |
563.14020 | −0.76 | C26H28O14 | Isoschaftoside | 213 | 17.36 | 249.06585 | 249.06487 | −3.95 | C15H8N2O2 | Tryptanthrin |
98 | 9.64 | 639.19305 | 639.19299 | −0.11 | C29H36O16 | Plantamajoside isomer | 214 | 17.39 | 825.46419 | 825.46454 | 0.42 | C42H68O13 | Saikosaponin A |
99* | 9.68 | 447.09328449.10783 | 447.09293449.10641 | −0.79 −3.17 |
C21H20O11 | Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 215 | 17.93 | 233.04444 | 233.04349 | −4.12 | C12H8O5 | 5-Methoxy-8-hydroxypsoralen |
100 | 9.69 | 607.20213 | 607.20044 | −2.79 | C29H34O14 | Pueroside A | 216 | 18.07 | 359.07614 | 359.07474 | −3.91 | C18H14O8 | Dichotomitin |
101 | 9.74 | 187.03897 | 187.03841 | −3.00 | C11H6O3 | Isopsoralen | 217* | 18.30 | 191.10665 | 191.10577 | −4.64 | C12H14O2 | Ligustilide |
102 | 9.80 | 473.07254 | 473.07196 | −1.25 | C22H18O12 | Cichoric acid | 218 | 18.37 | 373.09289 | 373.09253 | −0.97 | C19H18O8 | Junipegenin C |
103 | 9.83 | 623.16175 625.17631 |
623.16113 625.17365 |
−1.01–4.25 | C28H32O16 | Tectorigenin-7-O-β-glucosyl (1 → 6) glucoside | 219* | 18.56 | 283.06119 | 283.06097 | −0.80 | C16H12O5 | Oroxylin A |
104 | 9.86 | 187.03897 | 187.03812 | −4.55 | C11H6O3 | Psoralen | 220 | 18.87 | 283.06119 | 283.06094 | −0.91 | C16H12O5 | Genkwanin |
105 | 9.91 | 609.18249 | 609.18231 | −0.30 | C28H34O15 | Calceolarioside C | 221 | 18.92 | 249.14852 | 249.14734 | −4.74 | C15H20O3 | Arteannuin |
106 | 10.02 | 477.14023 | 477.13956 | −1.41 | C23H26O11 | Calceolarioside A | 222 | 19.19 | 263.08150 | 263.08047 | −3.93 | C16H10N2O2 | Indigo |
107 | 10.04 | 193.04953 | 193.04874 | −4.12 | C10H8O4 | Scopoletin | 223 | 19.74 | 867.47475 | 867.47522 | 0.53 | C44H70O14 | AcetylSaikosaponin |
108 | 10.05 | 623.19814 | 623.19769 | −0.73 | C29H36O15 | Forsythoside H | 224 | 19.91 | 359.11252 | 359.11115 | −3.84 | C19H18O7 | 5-Hydroxy-3′,4′,6,7-tetramethoxyFlavone |
109 | 10.08 | 417.11800 | 417.11609 | −4.60 | C21H20O9 | Puerarin isomer | 225 | 20.12 | 263.08150 | 263.08035 | −4.39 | C16H10N2O2 | Indirubin |
110 | 10.17 | 609.18249 | 609.18243 | −0.10 | C28H34O15 | Calceolarioside C | 226 | 20.20 | 345.09687 | 345.09543 | −4.20 | C18H16O7 | Penduletin |
111 | 10.25 | 417.11800 | 417.11636 | −3.95 | C21H20O9 | Daidzein 4′-O-glucoside | 227 | 21.08 | 389.12309 | 389.12155 | −3.97 | C20H20O8 | Artemetin |
112 | 10.48 | 755.24040 | 755.23975 | −0.86 | C34H44O19 | Forsythoside B | 228* | 21.38 | 271.09648 | 271.09537 | −4.12 | C16H14O4 | Isoimperatorin |
113* | 10.49 | 609.14610 | 609.14575 | −0.59 | C27H30O16 | Rutin | 229 | 22.42 | 301.10705 | 301.10580 | −4.15 | C17H16O5 | Cnidilin |
114* | 10.62 | 463.08819465.10275 | 463.08807465.10141 | −0.28 −2.88 |
C21H20O12 | Hyperoside | 230 | 23.04 | 359.11252 | 359.11090 | −4.54 | C19H18O7 | Corymbosin |
115 | 10.74 | 431.09837433.11292 | 431.09784433.11111 | −1.23–4.18 | C21H20O10 | Isovitexin | 231 | 23.28 | 223.09758 | 223.09694 | −2.88 | C12H16O4 | Pogostone |
116 | 10.80 | 223.06009 | 223.05899 | −4.98 | C11H10O5 | Saikochromone A |

- The high resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs) of QQKDG in the positive (P) and negative ion modes (N). N1 m/z 179.03498, 191.01972, 299.05611, 315.05102, 353.08780, 359.07724, 375.12967, 403.12458, 415.10345, 435.15079, 461.10893, 461.16644, 507.11441, 515.11949, 519.18718, 535.16684, 579.20831, 609.14610, 623.19814, 719.16175; N2: m/z 177.01933, 191.05611, 253.07176, 269.04554, 285.04046, 301.03537, 329.06667, 361.11402, 367.10345, 373.11402, 387.16605, 389.10893, 431.09837, 449.14532, 461.07254, 473.07254, 477.10384, 477.14023, 491.11949, 515.14063, 547.14571, 593.15119, 609.18249, 637.10463; N3: m/z 197.04554, 239.09249, 283.15509, 311.04085, 315.07215, 335.13475, 341.08781, 357.13436, 445.07763, 445.11402, 447.09328, 447.15079, 463.08819, 481.09876, 505.15627, 507.17192, 521.13006, 563.14062, 607.20322, 621.18249, 623.16175, 639.19305, 717.14610; N4: m/z 169.01424, 207.06628, 223.09758, 267.06628, 271.06119, 283.06119, 295.04594, 299.11362, 327.05102, 329.08780, 331.06706, 337.09289, 339.07215, 344.04015, 349.08636, 355.10345, 373.09289, 373.12927, 387.14492, 407.09837, 433.11402, 435.12967, 453.14023, 467.21339, 473.14532, 477.06746, 503.17701, 504.18751, 519.15079, 535.18209, 579.17192, 653.17232, 677.15119, 709.19853, 729.26113, 755.24040, 769.25605, 825.46419, 867.47475; P1: m/z 187.08658, 193.04953, 239.08150, 249.14852, 255.06518, 287.09140, 301.10705, 305.10196, 317.10196, 327.13393, 335.11252, 345.09687, 355.10235, 359.11252, 389.12309, 417.11800, 433.11292, 447.09218, 459.12857, 463.12348, 479.11840, 523.14461, 538.22828, 549.16026, 579.17083, 595.16574, 607.20213, 625.17631; P2: m/z 187.03897, 191.10665, 203.03388, 217.04953, 223.06009, 233.04444, 247.06009, 247.09648, 249.06585, 263.08150, 267.07640, 271.09648, 277.10705, 279.07641, 319.11761, 339.10744, 342.16998, 359.07614, 369.11800, 431.13365, 449.10783, 461.14422, 465.10275, 503.11840, 517.13405, 517.15518, 565.15518, 627.15557, 655.18687, 707.25215.

- The high resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs) of QQKDG in the positive (P) and negative ion modes (N). N1 m/z 179.03498, 191.01972, 299.05611, 315.05102, 353.08780, 359.07724, 375.12967, 403.12458, 415.10345, 435.15079, 461.10893, 461.16644, 507.11441, 515.11949, 519.18718, 535.16684, 579.20831, 609.14610, 623.19814, 719.16175; N2: m/z 177.01933, 191.05611, 253.07176, 269.04554, 285.04046, 301.03537, 329.06667, 361.11402, 367.10345, 373.11402, 387.16605, 389.10893, 431.09837, 449.14532, 461.07254, 473.07254, 477.10384, 477.14023, 491.11949, 515.14063, 547.14571, 593.15119, 609.18249, 637.10463; N3: m/z 197.04554, 239.09249, 283.15509, 311.04085, 315.07215, 335.13475, 341.08781, 357.13436, 445.07763, 445.11402, 447.09328, 447.15079, 463.08819, 481.09876, 505.15627, 507.17192, 521.13006, 563.14062, 607.20322, 621.18249, 623.16175, 639.19305, 717.14610; N4: m/z 169.01424, 207.06628, 223.09758, 267.06628, 271.06119, 283.06119, 295.04594, 299.11362, 327.05102, 329.08780, 331.06706, 337.09289, 339.07215, 344.04015, 349.08636, 355.10345, 373.09289, 373.12927, 387.14492, 407.09837, 433.11402, 435.12967, 453.14023, 467.21339, 473.14532, 477.06746, 503.17701, 504.18751, 519.15079, 535.18209, 579.17192, 653.17232, 677.15119, 709.19853, 729.26113, 755.24040, 769.25605, 825.46419, 867.47475; P1: m/z 187.08658, 193.04953, 239.08150, 249.14852, 255.06518, 287.09140, 301.10705, 305.10196, 317.10196, 327.13393, 335.11252, 345.09687, 355.10235, 359.11252, 389.12309, 417.11800, 433.11292, 447.09218, 459.12857, 463.12348, 479.11840, 523.14461, 538.22828, 549.16026, 579.17083, 595.16574, 607.20213, 625.17631; P2: m/z 187.03897, 191.10665, 203.03388, 217.04953, 223.06009, 233.04444, 247.06009, 247.09648, 249.06585, 263.08150, 267.07640, 271.09648, 277.10705, 279.07641, 319.11761, 339.10744, 342.16998, 359.07614, 369.11800, 431.13365, 449.10783, 461.14422, 465.10275, 503.11840, 517.13405, 517.15518, 565.15518, 627.15557, 655.18687, 707.25215.
3.2.1 Identification of flavonoids
Flavonoids are hydroxylated phenolic substances that exist as aglycones, glycosides or methylated derivatives as the secondary metabolites of plants in natural world (Harborne, 2013). The flavonoid could be subdivided into different subclasses according to the location of the B ring connection, the degree of unsaturation of the C ring and oxidation including isoflavones, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, etc. (Corradini et al., 2011; Karak, 2019; Dias et al., 2021). In this study, a total of 89 flavonoids including 37 isoflavones, 29 flavones, 16 flavonols, 3 flavanones, 3 chromones, 1 dihydrochalcone, were detected and characterized in QQKDG based on FBMN and in-house library (Fig. 3). The identified isoflavones were derived primarily from Belamcanda chinensis and Puerariae lobatae, which are also a rich source of isoflavones and have an intense effect of anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, relieving pain (Wozniak et al., 2010; Choi et al., 2016). Reportedly, glycosyl group was easily substituted at the 7 or 4′ position of aglycones; consequently, the sugar moiety reduced to produce a distinct fragment ion at [Y0]± ion in O-glycosidic flavonoid compounds (Zhang et al., 2017). Furthermore, it is helpful in determining the presence of special functional groups in the structures in which the neutral loss of a molecule of H2O (18.011 Da), CO (27.995 Da), or CO2 (43.990 Da) and the cleavage of hexose occurred in the C-glycosidic flavonoid (Li et al., 2015). Peak 69 generated precursor ion [M−H]– at m/z 547.14571 (C26H27O13–), which produced the fragment ions at m/z 325.0700 [M−H−132.0417–90.0311]–, thus indicating the neutral elimination of the pentose moiety and characteristic cleavage of the 0/3 bond, 295.0609 [M−H−132.0417–120.0417]– by the loss of pentose moiety and cleavage of the 0/2 bond. Subsequently, an ion was obtained at m/z 267.0660 by the neutral loss of CO from m/z 295.060 in ESI– mode. Peak 69 also yielded a precursor ion [M + H]+ at m/z 549.16026 (C26H29O13+), which was fragmented into m/z 417.1164, corresponding to [M + H–132.0417]+, by the cleavage of pentose, m/z 297.0745 [M + H-132.0417–120.0417]+, m/z 399.1058 [M + H–132.0417–18.0100]+, and m/z 381.0953 [M + H–132.042–36.022]+ owing to the loss of one H2O and two H2O from m/z 417.1164, and m/z 351.0848 [M + H–C5H8O4-2H2O-OCH2]+ in ESI+ mode. Compared with the reference substance, peak 69 was identified as puerarin apioside. Peak 139 produced a precursor ion [M−H]– at m/z 461.10893 (C26H27O13–), which yielded fragment ions at m/z 299.0555 [M−H−C6H10O5]–, 284.0318 [M−H−C6H10O5−CH3]–, 283.0246 [M−H−C6H10O5−CH4]–, 256.0335 [M−H−C6H10O5−CH3−CO]–, and 240.0422 [M−H−C6H10O5−CH3−CO2]–. Peak 139 also exhibited an [M + H]+ ion at m/z 463.12348, along with MS2 fragments at m/z 301.0695 [M + H-C6H10O5]+ and 286.0458 [M + H-C6H10O5-CH3]+. Based on the mass of MS fragmentation and standards, this compound was identified as tectoridin. The [M−H]– ions of flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and dihydrochalcones underwent a neutral loss of CH3, CO, CO2, and H2O, along with a Retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) fragmentation reaction (Liu et al., 2005). Peak 99 generated a precursor ion [M−H]– at m/z 447.09328 (C21H19O11–), and was fragmented into m/z 285.0402 [M−H−162.0523]– by the loss of the C6H10O5 at the C-7 position, and into 151.0025 [C7H3O4]– and 133.0283 [C8H5O2]– by RDA cleavage. Thus, it was unambiguously characterized as luteolin-7-O-glucoside by comparing its retention time and fragment ions with the reference standard. The proposed fragmentation pathways for puerarin apioside, tectoridin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were shown in Fig. 4a, b, c, respectively.

- The Feature-based molecular network of flavonoids of QQKDG extract in positive ion mode (a,b) and nagetive ion mode (c,d). a,c isoflavones; b,d flavones.

- The Feature-based molecular network of flavonoids of QQKDG extract in positive ion mode (a,b) and nagetive ion mode (c,d). a,c isoflavones; b,d flavones.

- The proposed fragmentation pathways of chemicals of QQKDG in positive and negative modes, a, puerarin apioside; b, tectoridin; c, luteolin-7-O-glucoside; d, forsythoside A; e, isochlorogenic acid A; f, isoimperatorin; g, rosmarinic acid; h, sweroside; i, magnoflorine.

- The proposed fragmentation pathways of chemicals of QQKDG in positive and negative modes, a, puerarin apioside; b, tectoridin; c, luteolin-7-O-glucoside; d, forsythoside A; e, isochlorogenic acid A; f, isoimperatorin; g, rosmarinic acid; h, sweroside; i, magnoflorine.

- The proposed fragmentation pathways of chemicals of QQKDG in positive and negative modes, a, puerarin apioside; b, tectoridin; c, luteolin-7-O-glucoside; d, forsythoside A; e, isochlorogenic acid A; f, isoimperatorin; g, rosmarinic acid; h, sweroside; i, magnoflorine.
3.2.2 Identification of phenylethanoid glycosides
Reportedly, the common chemical structures of phenylethanoid glycosides are composed of saccharides (including rhamnose, glucose, and phenethyl alcohol (C6–C2) moieties) and linked aromatic acids (including caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid) via glycosidic bonds (Zheng et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2019). Phenylethanoid glycosides, detected in QQKDG, are a type of signature ingredient and the main components that play therapeutic effects; they are rooted in Forsythia suspensa (Shao et al., 2017), Furthermore, phenylethanol glycosides can regulate various signaling pathways to play an antiinflammatory role, and are promising as a supplement for antiinflammatory drugs. In the ESI- mode, the primary and representative phenylethanoid glycosides lost were glucose (Glu C6H10O5, 162.0523 Da), rhamnose (Rha C6H10O4, 146.0574 Da), H2O (18.0101 Da), CO (27.9943 Da), and CO2 (43.9893 Da). In addition, a series of lower-molecular-weight aromatic acids showed regular fragmentation patterns. For instance, caffeic acid (C9H7O4–, m/z 179.0339) produced ions at m/z 135.0441 (C8H7O2–) and 161.02333 (C9H5O3–) by the further loss of CO2 and H2O; ferulic acid (C10H9O4–, m/z 193.0495) yielded an ion at m/z 175.0390(C10H7O3–) by the loss of H2O; and coumaric acid (C9H7O3–, m/z 163.0390) generated ions at m/z 145.0284 (C9H5O2–) and 119.0491 (C8H7O–) by the further loss of H2O and CO2, respectively. In this study, the FBMN contained a total of 91 nodes, of which numerous were phenylethanoid glycosides according to their fragment ions (Fig. 5); however, only a few nodes were analyzed and identified. Peaks 108, 117, 119, and 146, eluted at 10.05, 10.80, 10.95, and 12.54 min, respectively, showed the same precursor ion [M−H]– at m/z 623.19814 (C29H35O15–), and exhibited similar fragment ions at m/z 461.1665 [M−H−C6H10O5]–, 179.0340 [caffeic acid-H]–, and 161.0233 [caffeic acid-H2O]–. Peaks 117 and 119 were confirmed to be forsythoside. Additionally, peaks 108 and 146 were tentatively identified as forsythoside H and I, respectively, based on their retention behavior on a reversed-phase chromatographic column and similar fragmentation patterns (Sun et al., 2015). Peaks 106 and 132 (Rt 10.02 and 11.58 min, respectively) were assigned to calceolariosides A and B in the FBMN. The proposed fragmentation pathway of forsythoside A is shown in Fig. 4d.

- The Feature-based molecular network of phenylethanoid glycosides of QQKDG extract in negative ion mode.
3.2.3 Identification of chlorogenic acid derivatives
Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are a group of esters of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), which include caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), p-coumaric acid (p-CoA), and quinic acid (QA), which yield caffeoylquinic acid (CQA), feruloylquinic acid (FQA), and p-coumaroylquinic acid (pCoQA), respectively; additionally, the majority of CGAs were mono- and di-caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) (Ramabulana et al., 2020). These compounds exist predominantly in several plants, which possess some notable pharmacological properties, such as antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, and contribute significantly to the total dietary intake of phenols (Marques and Farah, 2009). The caffeic acid (m/z 179.0338 C9H7O4), ferulic acid (m/z 193.0495 C10H9O4), and p-coumaric acid (m/z 163.0390 C9H7O3) are the common types of hydroxycinnamic acids, which generate a series of characteristic fragment ions at m/z 135.0441 (C8H7O2–) and 161.0233 (C9H5O3–) by the further loss of CO2 and H2O from m/z 179.0338 (C9H7O4–); m/z 178.0261 (C9H6O4–), 149.0597 (C9H9O2–), and 134.0362 (C8H6O2–) by the further loss of CH3, CO2, CO2H2O from m/z 193.0495 (C10H9O4–), respectively; and 119.0491 (C8H7O–) by the loss of CO2 from m/z 163.0390. Meanwhile, the fragment ions at m/z 173.0444 (C7H9O5–), 127.0389 (C6H7O3–), and 111.0440 (C6H7O2–), by the loss of H2O, 2H2OCO, and 2H2OCO2 from m/z 11.0550 (C7H11O6–), respectively, were characteristic ions of quinic acid in the ESI– mode. In this study, the FBMN contained 28 nodes in the positive ion mode and 21 nodes in the negative ion mode in connection with CGAs; additionally, most of the nodes were hydroxycinnamylquinic acids and dihydroxycinnamylquinic acids (Fig. 6). Peaks 70, 138, 144, 145, and 162, eluted at 7.63, 12.05, 12.39, 12.52, and 13.04 min, respectively, exhibited the same precursor ion [M−H]– at m/z 515.11949 (C25H23O12–), which produced fragment ions at m/z 353.0874 [M−H−C9H6O3]– by the loss of a caffeoyl residue, 179.0340 [caffeic acid-H]–, 135.0439 [caffeic acid-H-CO2]–, 191.0552 [quinic acid-H]–, and 173.0445 [quinic acid-H-H2O]–. Peaks 70, 144, 145, and 162 were explicitly identified as 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, and isochlorogenic acid C, respectively, by comparison with corresponding reference standards. Peak 138 as its isomer had a similar precursor ion and fragmentation patterns and was tentatively identified as 1, 4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid according to its chromatographic retention behavior. The proposed fragmentation pathway of isochlorogenic acid A is shown in Fig. 4e.

- The Feature-based molecular network of chlorogenic acid derivatives of QQKDG extract in positive (a) and negative (b) ion modes.
3.2.4 Identification of coumarins
Coumarins are common lactones formed by the intramolecular dehydration of cis-o-hydroxycinnamic acid and are characterized by a benzene ring attached to an alpha-pyrone ring. Coumarins are the most abundant components of Angelicae dahuricae (AD) in QQKDG and possess various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and anticoagulant effects (Lu et al., 2020). The coumarins separated from AD are predominantly linear furocoumarins, which consist of a simple coumarin as the parent nucleus and a substituent group at the seven and six positions. Furthermore, the positions of the benzene rings of simple coumarins at the five, six, seven, and eight sites were replaced by hydroxyl, methoxyl, methylenedioxy, and isopentenyl groups (Zhu and Jiang, 2018). In ESI+ mode, the primary and representative losses of H2O (18.0100 Da), CH3 (15.0229 Da), CO (27.9943 Da), and CO2 (43.9893 Da) occurred in simple coumarins. In this study, FBMN contained 31 nodes, of which 22 were identified as coumarins and 5 were regarded as potential compounds according to their MS2 fragment ions (Fig. 7). Peak 195 showed a precursor ion [M + H]+ at m/z 317.10196 (C17H17O6+), which yielded product ions at m/z 233.0435 [M + H-C5H8O]+, 231.0279 [M + H-C5H10O]+, 218.0202 [M + H-C5H8O-CH3]+, 203.0332 [M + H-C5H10O-CO]+, and 175.0383 [M + H-C5H10O-2CO]+. Therefore, peak 195 was confirmed to be byakangelicol based on a retention time and fragmentation pathway similar to that of the reference standards. Peak 228 displayed the parent ion [M + H]+ at m/z 271.09648 (C16H14O4+), thus indicating the presence of characteristic fragment ions at m/z 203.0330 [M + H-C5H8]+, 175.0382 [M + H-C5H8-CO]+, and 147.0435 [M + H-C5H8-2CO]+. Thus, it was unambiguously identified as isoimperatorin by comparing the retention time and parent and fragment ions with those of the standard. Peaks 185 and 192 both showed quasi-molecular ion [M + H]+ at m/z 305.10196 (C16H17O6+) and produced a series of similar characteristic fragment ions at m/z 203.0330 [M + H-C5H10O2]+, 175.0383 [M + H-C5H10O2-CO]+, and 147.0434 [M + H-C5H10O2-2CO]+, which were tentatively characterized as prangenin hydrate, oxypeucedan hydrate, respectively, based on their different retention times in the HPLC chromatogram. The proposed fragmentation pathway of isoimperatorin is shown in Fig. 4f.

- The Feature-based molecular network of coumarins of QQKDG extract in positive ion mode.
3.2.5 Identification of phenolic acids
Phenolic acids are a class of common compounds formed by the substitution of hydrogen atoms on benzene rings with carboxylic acid (—COOH) and hydroxyl groups (—OH), and are widely present in plants, plant foods, and human metabolites. Phenolic acids are excellent antioxidants that can alleviate physical damage and chronic diseases caused by free radicals (Chen et al., 2020). In this study, 36 phenolic acids were identified in QQKDG. However, no related FBMN cluster of phenolic acids was built in the GNPS, most likely because phenolic acids contain numerous varieties such as caffeic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and ferulic acid, and no correlation exists between the secondary fragment ions of these compounds. Peak 164 exhibited a quasi-molecular ion [M−H]– at m/z 359.07724 (C18H15O8–), which produced the characteristic fragment ions at m/z 197.0446 [M−H−C9H6O3]– by the loss of the caffeoyl group, 179.0339 [M−H−C9H6O3−H2O]–, and 161.0233 [M−H−C9H6O3−2H2O]–, as shown in Fig. 8. Therefore, peak 164 was accurately identified as rosmarinic acid based on chromatographic information and fragmentation patterns of the reference substance. Peaks 6 and 49 were identified as gallic and caffeic acids, respectively. Peak 9 presented a [M−H]– ion at m/z 331.06706 (C13H15O10–), corresponding to gallic acid linked to a glucose, fragment ions at m/z 169.0112 [M−H−162.0522]– from gallic acid and m/z 125.0231 [M−H−162.0522–43.9893]– corresponding to the loss of CO2; hence, peak 9 was tentatively identified as gallic acid-4-O-glucoside. Peaks 21 and 35 displayed the precursor ion [M−H]– at m/z 341.08781(C15H17O9–), which yielded fragment ions at m/z 179.03440 [M−H−C6H10O5]– and 135.0439 [M−H−C6H10O5−CO2]– by the subsequent loss of CO2. Thus, they were tentatively characterized as caffeic acid-O-glucosides. Peak 83 showed a precursor ion [M−H]– at m/z 449.14532 (C22H25O10–) and then yielded product ions at m/z 315.1093 [M−H−C8H6O2]–, 193.0498 (C10H9O4–), 175.0390 [C10H9O4-H2O]–, and 165.0547 [C10H9O4-CO]–. According to the fragmentation patterns reported in the literature (Sun et al., 2015), peak 83 was tentatively identified as forsythenside F. The proposed fragmentation pathway of rosmarinic acid is shown in Fig. 4g.

- The Feature-based molecular network of rosmarinic acid derivates of QQKDG extract in negative ion mode.
3.2.6 Identification of terpenoids and alkaloids
In this study, 14 terpenoids, including 10 monoterpenes, 2 sesquiterpenes, and 2 triterpenes, were identified according to the chromatographic retention behavior and fragmentation patterns of the in-house library. Peak 64 displayed a precursor ion [M + HCOOH-H]– at m/z 403.12458 (C17H23O11–), which generated the aglycone ion [M−H−C6H10O5]– at m/z 195.065 (C10H11O4–) by the neutral loss of a glucose; the subsequent loss of CO2 further produced the fragment ion [M−H−C6H10O5−CO2]– at m/z 151.0751 (C9H11O2–), and 125.0231 (C6H5O3–) originated from the RDA cleavage. Thus, it was identified as a sweroside by comparing the retention time and fragmentation pathways with those of the reference compound. Peaks 15, 29, and 31 all displayed the deprotonated molecular ion [M−H]– at m/z 375.12967 (C16H23O10–), and produced similar MS/MS spectrum patterns. They produced several fragment ions at m/z 213.0761 [M−H−C6H10O5]–, 169.0859 [M−H−C6H10O5−CO2]–, 151.0753 [M−H−C6H10O5−CO2−H2O]–, and 125.0595 (C7H9O2–), which were tentatively identified as 8-epiloganic acid (peak 15), loganic acid (peak 29), and adoxosidic acid (peak 21), according to the elution order on the chromatographic column and fragment pathways (He et al., 2020). Additionally, a total of 10 alkaloids that mainly originated from Isatis Tinctoria and Folium Isatidis in QQKDG were detected and characterized. Peak 56 was assigned to magnoflorine by comparing its retention time and MS2 spectrum with those of the reference compound. Peaks 222 and 225 showed a [M + H]+ ion at m/z 263.08150 (C16H11N2O2+), which produced fragment ions at m/z 235.0856 [M + H-CO]+ and 219.0907 [M + H-CO2]+, which were tentatively characterized as indigo and indirubin, respectively, according to the retention time and fragmentation patterns in the literature (Yan et al., 2017). The proposed fragmentation pathways for sweroside and magnoflorine are shown in Fig. 4h and i.
3.2.7 Identification of lignans and other compounds
Lignans are a class of natural products derived from the oxidative coupling of two C6–C3 units that can combine with sugar groups to form glycosides. Lignans have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases for a long time owing to their biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory (Teponno et al., 2016). In this study, 10 lignans were characterized using an in-house library and GNPS (Fig. 9). Peaks 148 and 171 both showed a quasi-molecular ion peak [M−H]– at m/z 519.18718 (C26H31O11–) and produced a similar fragment ion at m/z 357.1342 (C20H21O6–), corresponding to [M−H−C6H10O5]–, due to the loss of a glucose group. Hence, peaks 148 and 171 were tentatively characterized as pinoresinol-O-glucoside and matairesinoside, respectively, according to the elution order of the chromatographic column and fragment pathways (He et al., 2020). Additionally, the other seven compounds, namely Cgmp, N-octanoylsucrose, 3-(2′-Hydroxypheny)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone, ligustilide, Junipegenin C, pogostone, and kuzubutenolide A, were detected and putatively identified by matching the MS/MS product ions with in-house library. Peak 217 exhibited an [M + H]+ ion at m/z 191.10665, which produced product ions at m/z 145.1012 (C11H13–) owing to the loss of H2O and CO, and 117.0699 (C9H9–), derived from the ion at m/z 145.1012 through the elimination of 28.0305 (C2H4). It was identified as ligustilide by comparing the chromatographic behavior and MS/MS spectra with the reference standard.

- The Feature-based molecular network of lignans of QQKDG extract in negative ion mode.
4 Conclusion
In this study, an integrated strategy based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS coupled with FBMN analysis was developed for systematical characterization of structural types and identification of chemical ingredients in the TCM prescription QQKDG. It is beneficial to exploring unknown or potential compounds, revealing the visualization of the structural relationships among molecules, and improving the efficiency of compounds identification using multiple databases matching and fragmentation patterns, which could effectively avoid the problems of high cost and low efficiency of natural products discovery in TCMs. Thus, a total of 231 compounds were accurately or tentatively characterized, among which 224 compounds including ccflavonoids, phenolic acids, phenylethanoid glycosides, coumarins, chlorogenic acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and lignans were identified for the first time. Moreover, numerous unassigned clusters and nodes were observed in the GNPS, which is conducive to the discovery of novel compounds. However, the results revealed that FBMN did not benefit the further characterization of isomers with high confidence, and distinguishing isomers is challenging at present. In summary, this systematic study on QQKDG provides a convenient and powerful analytical strategy for the rapid screening and detection of the chemical constituents of TCM formulas. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for quality control and promote the development of modern QQKDG prescription.
Funding
This study was funded by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (no. 2022RC1228), Hunan Province Social Science Innovation Research Base (Ethnic medicine and ethnic culture research base), Research Project of Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2021MS220) and Research Project of Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (20ZJ18).
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Appendix A
Supplementary material
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105463.
Appendix A
Supplementary material
The following are the Supplementary data to this article:
Supplementary data 1
Supplementary data 1
Supplementary data 2
Supplementary data 2
Supplementary data 3
Supplementary data 3