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SPECIAL ISSUE: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
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An integrated strategy for comprehensive characterization of chemical components in Qingqiao Kangdu granules by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS coupled with feature-based molecular networking

Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China

⁎Corresponding authors. yanfang303@163.com (Fang Yan), 20120941161@bucm.edu.cn (Wei Cai)

Disclaimer:
This article was originally published by Elsevier and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
These authors contributed equally to the study.

Abstract

Qingqiao Kangdu granule (QQKDG), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used clinically to treat various viral diseases, including flu, mumps, and viral hepatitis, owing to its abundant bioactivities. Nevertheless, the chemical components of QQKDG have not been sufficiently elucidated; consequently, the development of standards for quality evaluation and complete understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of action are hindered. Therefore, a systematic approach must be developed to efficiently discover novel compounds and advance pharmacological research. In this regard, this study proposed an integrated strategy for the comprehensive characterization of the chemical components in QQKDG by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS coupled with feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) to improve annotation accuracy and achieve visualization. First, the chromatographic and mass spectrum conditions were optimized to obtain good separation and abundant signal response. Subsequently, an in-house library was established by searching for relevant literature to improve annotation confidence. Finally, the raw data acquired under optimized conditions were uploaded to the FBMN to achieve component visualization by connecting precursor ions of the same color, in which compounds have similar structural features. Thus, a total of 231 compounds, including 89 flavonoids, 36 phenolic acids, 26 phenylethanoid glycosides, 23 coumarins, 17 chlorogenic acid derivatives, 14 terpenoids, 10 alkaloids, 10 lignans and 6 other compounds, were characterized, and numerous novel compounds with new structures were explored. Thus, this study provides a strategy for comprehensive characterization, which can also be applied to other TCMs.

Keywords

Qingqiao Kangdu granule
Characterization
UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS
Feature-based molecular networking
1

1 Introduction

Currently, increasingly number of complex diseases that are difficult to control and cure using the conventional drug development philosophy of single-compound–single-target, whereby a drug with only one compound targets a specific protein to treat a particular disease, are surfacing (Hu and Sun, 2017; Wang et al., 2014). Since centuries, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been used extensively in China and other Asian countries to treat difficult miscellaneous diseases; they comprise several medicinal herbs mixed in a specific mass ratio according to the rules of the monarch, minister, assistant, and guide (Pang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018). Recently, TCMs have received considerable attention in treating complicated and chronic diseases owing to their multicomponent, multipathway, and multitarget effects (Wang et al., 2020). For example, Yupingfeng San is a TCM formula that consists of three herbs, Huangqi, Fangfeng, and Baizhu in Chinese, which improve lung Qi, relieve pain, and enhance the spleen, owing to the antiimmunity, antiinflammatory, and gastrointestinal tract regulation effects based on the chemical components of flavonoids, chromones, and sesquiterpenoids in lung diseases (Zhang et al., 2015; Aravilli et al., 2017; Xu and Zhang, 2020; Yang et al., 2021). Several TCMs can be combined with Western medicines to relieve clinical symptoms and reduce toxicity and side effects, thereby improving the quality of life of patients (Xu and Chen, 2010).

Qingqiaokangdu granule (QQKDG), a TCM formula, was developed by the hospital affiliated with the Chengdu University of TCM according to the local climatic characteristics and features of resident crowd. This QQKDG is composed of fourteen herbs, namely Lonicera japoraca (yinhuateng), Forsythia suspensa (lianqiao), Pueraria montana (fenge), Angelicae dahuricae (baizhi), Artemisia caruifolia (qinghao), Radix Bupleuri (chaihu), Paridis Rhizoma (chonglou), the dried root of Isatis tinctoria (banlangen), the dried rhizoma of Iris tectorum (chunshegan), Taraxacum mongolicum (pugongying), the dried leaves of Isatis indigotica (daqingye), Pogostemon cablin (guanghuoxiang), Perillae Folium (zisuye), and Mentha canadensis (bohe) (Xiong et al., 2014). Modern pharmacological research has demonstrated that QQKDG has the effects of clearing heat, detoxifying, relieving external heat, and reducing fever; thus, it has been extensively used in treating viral diseases, including flu, mumps, and viral hepatitis (Xia et al., 2016). Its efficacy and safety have been proven in double-blind randomized, controlled clinical trials (Xiong, 2015). Although QQKDG has remarkable efficacy on anemopyretic cold, it contains numerous unknown chemical compounds, owing to which, elucidating the therapeutic material basis and action mechanisms, and their globalization are both challenging. Xia et al. developed a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) switching wavelengths to simultaneously determine the content of seven constituents in QQKDG (Xia et al., 2016). Therefore, the chemical compounds in QQKDG must be determined, which can be useful for quality control and standardization.

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a powerful analytical tool for identifying and characterizing the chemical compounds in TCMs owing to its strong separation ability and structure prediction (Fu et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2021). Computer-aided software, developed primarily for targeted screening based on known databases, has the advantage of complex data processing and has greatly promoted the characterization of chemical components in TCMs, such as waters UNIFI and thermo fisher compound discoverer (Chen et al., 2021). Global natural products social (GNPS, https://gnps.ucsd.edu/) molecular networking (MN) is an open-access knowledge platform for the rapid clustering and analysis of mass spectrometry data; it was developed to comprehensively characterize the chemical ingredients of TCMs according to MS/MS spectrum similarity and public databases (Zhang et al., 2021). In addition, MN was applied to speculate unannotated nodes by relating them to structural analogs of annotated compounds based on MS data and fragmentation pathways (Zhang et al., 2022). Feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), a novel data analysis tool in MN, has been employed to distinguish isomers, essentially providing several advantages in visualizing and clustering unknown compounds (Li et al., 2022). It is beneficial for rapidly identifying compounds in complex systems and discovering unknown components owing to their strong integration and classification abilities. Therefore, in this study, an integrated strategy was established to rapidly detect and characterize the chemical components of QQKDG using UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS coupled with FBMN. This is the first systematic investigation of the chemical composition of QQKDG, and the results provide a comprehensive understanding of the material basis of QQKDG against anemopyretic colds. This strategy also provides an efficient method for identifying ingredients in TCM prescriptions.

2

2 Materials and methods

2.1

2.1 Materials and reagents

QQKDG were obtained from the Hospital of the Chengdu University of TCM (Chengdu, China; batch number: 20220210). A total of 42 reference standards, including 22 flavonoids, 7 phenylpropanoids, 5 organic acids, 3 coumarins, 1 lignan, 1 terpenoid, 1 alkaloid, 1 paraben, and 1 phenylethanoid glycoside, were characterized by 1HNMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectral analyses, and the purities were above 98 % by HPLC analysis. Detailed information regarding the reference standards is provided in Supplementary Table S1. Chromatography-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). Distilled water was obtained from Guangzhou Watson Food and Beverage Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). LC-MS-grade formic acid was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). All the other reagents were of analytical grade.

2.2

2.2 Sample preparation

QQKDG (5 g) was ultrasonically extracted with 70 % methanol (100 mL) for 1 h at room temperature. The extracting solution was concentrated at 50 °C using a rotary vacuum evaporator and water was removed using a freeze dryer to obtain the residue of QQKDG. Subsequently, the portion of QQKDG was dissolved in methanol and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 20 min, and filtered through a 0.22-μm millipore filter before LC-MS analysis.

The 42 reference standards were dissolved in methanol at an approximate concentration of 1 mg/mL. Each stock solution was mixed and diluted in methanol to obtain the standard mixture solution (approximately 20 μg/mL). Subsequently, the mixed solution was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 20 min, and the supernatant was stored at 4 °C before analysis.

2.3

2.3 Liquid chromatographic conditions

Chromatographic separation of the sample was performed using an Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, California, USA) equipped with a binary pump, autosampler, degasser, and column compartment. The separation of the QQKDG was performed on a Thermo Scientific Syncronis C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) at 45 °C. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1 % formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B). The flow rate was 0.28 mL/min, and the gradient elution program was optimized as: 0–2 min, 5–10 % B; 2–5 min, 10–15 % B; 5–10 min, 15–20 % B; 10–12 min, 20–40 % B; 12–20 min, 40–55 % B; 20–25 min, 55–80 % B; 25–26 min, 80–5 % B; and 26–30 min, 5 % B. The injection volume was 2 µL.

2.4

2.4 MS spectrometry conditions

Mass spectrometry was performed using a Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) instrument equipped with a heated electrospray ionization source (HESI). Data acquisition progressed in both positive and negative ion modes through full-scan data-dependent MS/MS (full scan-ddMS2) with a mass range of m/z 100–1500. Mass spectrometry conditions were set as follows. The capillarycc voltage was set as 3.5 kV in the positive ion mode and 3.0 kV in the negative ion mode; the full mass resolution was set to 70000; the heater temperature and heated capillary temperature were 350 and 320 °C, respectively; the sheath gas and auxiliary gas flow rate were 30 and 10 arb, respectively; the S-lens radio frequency (RF) level was 50; and the ddMS2 resolution was set to 17500. The stepped normalized collision energies (NCEs) of 30, 40, and 60 % were employed for fragmentation. Xcalibur 4.2 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, California, USA) was used for data acquisition and analysis.

2.5

2.5 Feature-based molecular networking analysis

The UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS raw data in positive and negative ionization modes were converted to mzXML format with MS conversion and then imported into MZmine (version 2.53) for chromatographic feature extraction. The MZmine filter parameters are listed in Supplementary Table S2. Two files, the feature quantification table (.CSV file) with peak areas and MS2 spectral summaries (.MGF file) with a representative MS2 spectrum were exported from MZmine; subsequently, the MS2 file MGF, feature quantification table, and original mzML were imported into the GNPS FBMN analysis website (https://gnps-quickstart.ucsd.edu/featurebasednetworking) and visualized using Cytoscape 3.9.1. The molecular networking parameters included a precursor ion mass tolerance of 0.02 Da, minimum matched peaks > 6, cosine score of > 0.7, and library search matched peaks > 3.

3

3 Results and discussion

3.1

3.1 Integrated strategy for data analysis

QQKDG is composed of 14 herbs containing tens of thousands of compounds. Thus, herein, an effective strategy was established to comprehensively and accurately characterize the chemical constituents of QQKDG in Fig. 1. This strategy comprises three steps. First, to achieve good separation and abundant signal response, the proportion and variety of mobile phases, including acetonitrile-aqueous, methanol-aqueous, acetonitrile-aqueous with 0.1 % formic acid, and methanol-aqueous with 0.1 % formic acid, were optimized to obtain better chromatographic conditions. Thus, the mobile phases consisted of acetonitrile-aqueous with 0.1 % formic acid, which could be considered as the most optimized separation condition, and the proportion was in “2.3 Liquid chromatographic conditions.” Second, information regarding the compound names, molecular formulae, and exact MS/MS fragment ions of the chemical components derived from the 14 herbs of QQKDG were obtained from PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), CNKI (https://www.cnki.net), Web of Science (https://www.webofknowledge.com), and Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/) to develop an in-house library of QQKDG. The unknown compounds were identified by comparing the quasi-molecular ion and MS2 fragment ions using an in-house library, and the fragmentation patterns were summarized based on existing standards. Third, GNPS were used to detect and identify unknown compounds based on fragment similarity. Raw data, including MS and MS/MS spectra, were converted into mzXML format and uploaded to mzmine software for data preprocessing; subsequently, the files of the quantification table and MS2 spectral summary were imported into the GNPS-FBMN platform. In addition, the MS2 fragment ions were matched with the GNPS database for a fast and accurate analysis. Unannotated compounds were identified according to the MS/MS spectral relevance between the annotated compounds and in-house library.

An integrated strategy for chemical characterization of QQKDG extract.
Fig. 1
An integrated strategy for chemical characterization of QQKDG extract.

3.2

3.2 Characterization of chemical constituents in QQKDG by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS based on FBMN

In this study, 231 compounds were detected, of which 42 compounds were precisely identified and 189 compounds were putatively identified using the integrated strategy; these compounds included 89 flavonoids, 36 phenolic acids, 25 phenylethanoid glycosides, 23 coumarins, 17 chlorogenic acid derivatives, 14 terpenoids, 10 alkaloids, 10 lignans, and 7 others. Detailed information of components, including peak number, retention time (Rt), accurate molecular ions, formulas, mass errors (within ± 5 ppm), fragment ions and compound names, are presented in Table 1 and Supplementary Table S3. High-resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs) of QQKDG in both positive and negative ion modes are shown in Fig. 2. In addition, the raw data in the two ion modes were processed using FBMN, an advanced processing method for distinguishing isomers with similar MS2 spectra (Qu et al., 2023). Compounds of the same type could be clustered together and annotated by matching the MS/MS fragment ions of the FBMN database. Therefore, a comprehensive FBMN of QQKDG based on MS/MS spectral similarity was obtained, as shown in Supplementary Fig. S1. The molecular map contained a total of 2867 precursor ions, including 354 clusters (nodes, ≥2) and 3580 edges in negative mode, and a total of 2936 precursor ions, including 298 clusters (nodes, ≥2) and 4282 edges in positive mode. More detailed information is available on the open website (https://gnps.ucsd.edu/ProteoSAFe/status.jsp?task=445f9d16f4774ce0a7be99730bc6dcf1 in the negative mode; https://gnps.ucsd.edu/ProteoSAFe/status.jsp?task=c4b076f753b944dd94b8101de8abafe0 in the positive mode).

Table 1 Identification of chemical components in QQKDG by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS.
peak tR Theoretical Mass m/z Experimental Mass m/z Error (ppm) Formula Identification peak tR Theoretical Mass m/z Experimental Mass m/z Error (ppm) Formula Identification
1* 0.86 191.05611 191.05501 −5.76 C7H12O6 Quinic acid 117* 10.80 623.19814 623.19745 −1.11 C29H36O15 Forsythoside A
2 0.92 191.01972 191.01875 −5.11 C6H8O7 Isocitric acid 118* 10.88 593.15119
595.16574
593.15088
595.16370
−0.53
−3.43
C27H30O15 Kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside
3* 1.32 191.01972 191.01874 −5.16 C6H8O7 Citric acid 119* 10.95 623.19814 623.19751 −1.02 C29H36O15 Acteoside
4 1.35 344.04015 344.03983 −0.95 C10H12N5O7P cGMP 120 10.97 461.14422 461.14096 −7.08 C23H24O10 Kuzubutenolide A
5 1.76 361.11402 361.11368 −0.94 C15H22O10 3,4-DihydroxylPhenyle-thanoidglycoside 121 11.04 417.11800 417.11646 −3.71 C21H20O9 Neopuerarin
6* 2.07 169.01424 169.01321 −6.13 C7H6O5 Gallic acid 122* 11.04 463.08819465.10275 463.08792465.10114 −0.60
−3.46
C21H20O12 Isoquercitrin
7 2.32 335.13475 335.13464 −0.35 C14H24O9 Rengynic acid-1′-O-β-D-glucoside 123 11.14 461.07254 461.07239 −0.35 C21H18O12 Scutellarin
8 2.80 315.07215 315.10834 −0.64 C13H16O9 protoeatechuic acid-O-glucoside isomer 124 11.25 461.07254 461.07242 −0.28 C21H18O12 Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide
9 2.85 331.06706 331.06699 −0.24 C13H16O10 Gallic acid-4-O-glucoside 125 11.28 623.16175
625.17631
623.15979
625.17401
−3.15–3.68 C28H32O16 Isorhamnetin-3-O-neohespeidoside
10 3.29 315.07215 315.07199 −0.52 C13H16O9 protoeatechuic acid-O-glucoside isomer 126 11.31 447.09328449.10783 447.09308449.10645 −0.46
−3.09
C21H20O11 Luteolin-5-O-glucoside
11 3.33 197.04554 197.04460 −4.80 C9H10O5 Danshensu 127 11.43 247.06009 247.05942 −2.75 C13H10O5 Pimpinellin
12 3.38 515.14063
517.15518
515.14008
517.15381
−1.07–2.65 C22H28O14 caffeoylquinic acid-hexoside 128 11.51 477.10384 477.10367 −0.38 C22H22O12 Genistein-7-O-glucoside
13 3.53 329.08780 329.08765 −0.47 C14H18O9 vanillic acid -O-glucopyranoside 129* 11.52 431.09837433.11292 431.09778433.11130 −1.37–3.74 C21H20O10 Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside
14 3.85 315.07215 315.07202 −0.43 C13H16O9 protoeatechuic acid-O-glucoside isomer 130 11.55 769.25605 769.25568 −0.48 C35H46O19 Forsythoside G
15 4.06 375.12967 375.12912 −1.47 C16H24O10 8-Epiloganic acid 131 11.57 653.17232
655.18687
653.17181
655.18469
−0.79–3.33 C29H34O17 Iristectorigenin B-7-O-β-glucosyl (1 → 6) glucoside isomer
16 4.11 515.14063
517.15518
515.14001
517.15350
−1.20–3.25 C22H28O14 caffeoylquinic acid-hexoside 132 11.58 477.14023 477.13931 −1.94 C23H26O11 Calceolarioside B
17 4.16 505.15627 505.15610 −0.35 C21H30O14 Hebitol II 133 11.61 247.09648 247.09560 −3.58 C14H14O4 Marmesin
18 4.31 311.04085 311.04062 −0.76 C13H12O9 Caftaric acid 134 11.88 607.20322 607.20343 0.33 C29H36O14 Lipedpside A
19* 4.33 353.08780355.10235 353.08740355.10101 −1.15–3.79 C16H18O9 Neochlorogenic acid 135 11.92 453.14023
[M−H + HCOOH]-
453.14005 −0.41 C20H24O9 Nodakenin
20 4.43 447.15079 447.15048 −0.71 C19H28O12 rebouoside B 136 11.93 247.09648 247.09558 −3.66 C14H14O4 Decursinol
21 4.49 341.08781 341.08768 −0.37 C15H18O9 caffeic acid-O-glucoside 137 12.02 445.11402 445.11356 −1.03 C22H22O10 3′-Methoxy puerarin
22 4.60 515.14063
517.15518
515.14014
517.15356
−0.95–3.13 C22H28O14 caffeoylquinic acid-hexoside 138 12.05 515.11949
517.13405
515.11859 −1.77 C25H24O12 1, 4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid
23 4.74 299.11362 299.11334 −0.96 C14H20O7 Salidroside 139* 12.11 461.10893463.12348 461.10834463.12137 −1.29
−4.57
C22H22O11 Tectoridin
24 4.82 461.16644 461.16586 −1.28 C20H30O12 Forsythoside E 140 12.22 477.10384
479.11840
477.10379
479.11661
−0.12
−3.74
C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-5-O-glucoside
25 4.91 339.07215 339.07156 −1.76 C15H16O9 Esculin 141 12.31 503.11840 503.11658 −3.62 C24H22O12 6′′-O-Malonyl daidzin
26 4.92 327.13393 327.13235 −8.19 C18H18N2O4 isaindigodione isomer 142* 12.32 593.15119
595.16574
593.15070
595.16364
−0.83
−3.53
C27H30O15 Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside
27 4.92 535.16684
[M−H + HCOOH]-
535.16620 −1.20 C21H30O13 Tectoruside 143 12.36 507.11441
[M−H + HCOOH]-
507.11386 −1.09 C22H22O11 Isotectorigenin-O-glucoside
28 4.93 579.17083 579.16840 −4.20 C27H30O14 Puerarin-4′-O-glucoside 144* 12.39 515.11949517.13405 515.11884517.13226 −1.28–3.46 C25H24O12 Isochlorogenic acid B
29 4.95 375.12967 375.12906 −1.63 C16H24O10 Loganic acid 145* 12.52 515.11949517.13405 515.11884517.13239 −1.28–3.21 C25H24O12 Isochlorogenic acid A
30 5.21 407.09837 407.09793 −1.30 C19H20O10 Iriflophenone-2-O-β-glucoside 146 12.54 623.19814 623.19757 −0.92 C29H36O15 Forsythoside I
31 5.33 375.12967 375.12924 −1.15 C16H24O10 Adoxosidic acid 147 12.55 357.13436 357.13370 −1.85 C20H22O6 Epipinoresinol
32 5.40 355.10345 355.10336 −0.27 C16H20O9 ferulic acid-O-glucoside 148 12.55 519.18718 519.18646 −1.40 C26H32O11 Pinoresinol-O-glucoside
33 5.44 337.09289 337.09280 −0.27 C16H18O8 p-coumaroylquinic acid 149 12.56 477.10384
479.11840
477.10342 −0.90 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside
34 5.48 709.19853 709.19836 −0.25 C32H38O18 Mirificin-4′-O-glucoside 150 12.56 538.22828
[M + NH4]+
538.22638 −3.54 C26H32O11 Matairesinol-4-O-D-glucopyranoside
35 5.51 341.08781 341.08771 −0.28 C15H18O9 caffeic acid-O-glucoside 151 12.57 247.09648 247.09549 −4.03 C14H14O4 Columbianetin
36 5.60 295.04594 295.04562 −1.09 C13H12O8 coumaroyl-tartaric acid 152 12.60 607.20322 607.20325 0.04 C29H36O14 Forsythenside K
37 5.62 389.10893 389.10855 −0.99 C16H22O11 secologanoside 153 12.68 623.16175 623.16022 −2.47 C28H32O16 Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside
38 5.74 327.13393 327.13245 −7.89 C18H18N2O4 isaindigodione isomer 154 12.72 433.11402 433.11383 −0.44 C21H22O10 Naringenin-7-O-glucoside
39 5.74 579.17083 579.16858 −3.89 C27H30O14 Daidzein-4,7-O-glucoside 155 12.74 491.11949 491.11890 −1.22 C23H24O12 Iristectorin B
40* 5.79 353.08780355.10235 353.08734 −1.32 C16H18O9 Chlorogenic acid 156 12.81 349.08636 349.08618 −0.53 C16H18N2O5S Indole-3-acetonitrile-2-S-β-D-glucopyranoside
41 5.82 373.11402
[M−H + HCOOH]-
373.11349 −1.42 C15H20O8 Androsin 157 12.90 503.17701
[M−H + CH3COOH]-
503.17767 1.30 C20H28O11 Hyuganoside Ⅳ
42 5.98 253.07176 253.07141 −1.39 C12H14O6 hwanggeumchal B isomer 1 158 12.95 477.10384
479.11840
477.10330 −1.15 C22H22O12 Isorhamnetin-7-O-glucoside
43* 6.02 353.08780355.10235 353.08737355.10068 −1.23–4.72 C16H18O9 Cryptochlorogenic acid 159 12.95 507.11441
[M−H + HCOOH]-
507.11389 −1.03 C22H22O11 Isotectorigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside isomer 2
44 6.03 355.10235 355.10068 −4.73 C16H18O9 Scopolin 160* 12.98 445.07763447.09218 445.07724447.09067 −0.89
−3.39
C21H18O11 Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide
45 6.03 507.17192 507.17133 −1.18 C21H32O14 secologanoside A 161 12.99 717.14610 717.14618 0.10 C36H30O16 Salvianolic acid B
46 6.05 373.11402 373.11356 −1.23 C16H22O10 Swertiamarin 162* 13.04 515.11949517.13405 515.11890517.13239 −1.16–3.21 C25H24O12 Isochlorogenic acid C
47 6.26 367.10345
369.11800
367.10318
369.11664
−0.75
−3.70
C17H20O9 Feruloylquinic acid 163 13.10 719.16175 719.16113 −0.87 C36H32O16 Sagerinic acid
48 6.40 177.01933 177.01837 −5.43 C9H6O4 Daphnetin 164* 13.10 359.07724 359.07681 −1.20 C18H16O8 Rosmarinic acid
49* 6.50 179.03498 179.03394 −5.82 C9H8O4 Caffeic acid 165 13.14 491.11949 491.11890 −1.22 C23H24O12 Iristectorin A
50 6.67 355.10345 355.10355 0.27 C16H20O9 ferulic acid-O-glucoside 166 13.20 521.13006523.14461 521.12952523.14252 −1.04–4.00 C24H26O13 Iridin
51 6.73 593.15119
595.16574
593.15100
595.16351
−0.33–3.75 C27H30O15 Glucosylvitexin 167 13.21 267.07641 267.07529 −4.23 C15H10O3N2 3-(2′-carboxyPhenyl)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone
52 6.79 627.15557 627.15350 −3.31 C27H30O17 168* 13.21 435.12967 435.12897 −1.61 C21H24O10 Phlorizin
53 6.84 579.17083 579.16876 −3.58 C27H30O14 6″-O-α-D-glucopyranosylpuerarin 169 13.24 459.12857 459.12683 −3.80 C23H22O10 6″-O-Acetyl daidzin
54 6.89 481.09876 481.09842 −0.72 C21H22O13 gallic acid-3-methyl ether-4-O-protocatechuoylglucoside 170 13.26 621.18249 621.18250 0.01 C29H34O15 Suspensaside A
55 6.92 579.17083 579.16852 −3.99 C27H30O14 3′-Methoxypuerarin-O-apioside 171 13.34 519.18718 519.18701 −0.34 C26H32O11 Matairesinoside
56* 6.95 342.16998
[M]+
342.16867 −3.84 C20H24O4N Magnoflorine 172 13.39 473.14532 473.14520 −0.25 C24H26O10 Sophoraside A
57 6.96 253.07176 253.07141 −1.39 C12H14O6 hwanggeumchal B isomer 2 173 13.39 519.15079
[M−H + HCOOH]-
519.15100 0.39 C25H28O12 Pueroside C
58* 7.06 417.11800
415.10345
417.11606
415.10291
−4.67
−1.31
C21H20O9 Puerarin 174 13.40 373.12927 373.12967 1.06 C20H22O7 (+)-1-Hydroxylpinoresinol
59 7.12 639.19305 639.19287 −0.29 C29H36O16 R-suspensaside 175 13.61 315.05102 315.05084 −0.59 C16H12O7 Irilin D
60 7.13 707.25215
[M + Na]+
707.24933 −4.00 C32H44O16 Lariciresinol-4,4′ -O-β-D-diglucoside 176 13.62 431.13365 431.13217 −3.45 C22H22O9 Ononin
61 7.14 729.26113
[M−H + HCOOH]-
729.26111 −0.04 C32H44O16 Clemastanin B 177 13.68 467.21339 467.21368 0.60 C20H36O12 N-octanoylsucrose
62 7.16 387.16605 387.16574 −0.82 C18H28O9 Jasmonic acid-5′-O-glucoside 178 13.81 239.08150 239.08054 −4.03 C14H10O2N2 3-(2′-Hydroxypheny)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone
63 7.28 639.19305 639.19318 0.19 C29H36O16 isocampneoside II 179 13.83 431.13365 431.13223 −3.31 C22H22O9 Isoononin
64* 7.33 403.12458
[M−H + HCOOH]-
403.12405 −1.33 C16H22O9 Sweroside 180 13.87 283.15509 283.15482 −0.98 C15H24O5 Dihydroartemisinin
65 7.35 435.15079
[M−H + HCOOH]-
435.15027 1.30 C17H26O10 Loganin 181 13.90 255.06518 255.06404 −4.49 C15H10O4 Daidzein
66 7.39 337.09289
339.10744
337.09283
339.10574
−0.18
−5.02
C16H18O8 p-Coumaroylquinic acid 182* 13.90 579.20831
[M−H + HCOOH]-
579.20770 −1.06 C27H34O11 Forsythin
67 7.46 593.15119
595.16574
593.15100
595.16364
−0.33–3.53 C27H30O15 Vicenin II 183 13.96 203.03388 203.03311 −3.82 C11H6O4 Xanthotoxol
68 7.51 639.19305 639.19293 −0.20 C29H36O16 S-suspensaside 184 13.96 287.09140 287.09018 −4.25 C16H14O5 Oxypeucedanin
69* 7.56 547.14571
549.16026
547.14539
549.15802
−0.59–4.09 C26H28O13 Puerarin apioside 185 13.96 305.10196 305.10077 −3.92 C16H16O6 Prangenin hydrate
70* 7.63 515.11949517.13405 515.11902517.13257 −0.93–2.86 C25H24O12 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid 186 13.96 504.18751 504.18851 1.97 C25H31NO10 L-Phenylalaninosecologanin B
71 7.67 653.17232
655.18687
653.17212
655.18488
−0.31–3.04 C29H34O17 Iristectorin B-4′-O-glucoside 187 14.03 677.15119 677.15070 −0.73 C34H30O15 3, 4, 5-O-tricaffeoylquinic acid
72 8.01 637.10463 637.10455 −0.14 C27H26O18 Scutellarein-7-O-diglucuronide 188 14.08 319.11761 319.11630 −4.12 C17H18O6 3′-O-Acetylhamaudol
73 8.09 639.19305 639.19312 0.10 C29H36O16 Lugrandoside 189 14.09 653.17232
655.18687
653.17151
655.18469
−1.24
−3.33
C29H34O17 Iristectorigenin B-7-O-β-glucosyl(1 → 6)-glucoside isomer
74 8.30 239.09249 239.09195 −2.29 C12H16O5 3,4′-Dihydroxy-3′-methoxy-benzenepentanoic acid 190* 14.20 285.04046 285.04013 −1.16 C15H10O6 Luteolin
75 8.30 579.17083 579.16882 −3.47 C27H30O14 3′-Methoxydaidzin-O-apioside 191* 14.21 301.03537 301.03500 −1.25 C15H10O7 Quercetin
76 8.31 593.15119
595.16574
593.15094
595.16345
−0.43–3.85 C27H30O15 Glucosyl-vitexin 192 14.36 305.10196 305.10083 −3.72 C16H16O6 Oxypeucedan hydrate
77 8.31 639.19305 639.19263 −0.67 C29H36O16 R-campneoside II 193 14.54 207.06628 207.05037 −3.17 C11H12O4 Ethyl caffeate
78 8.37 403.12458 403.12405 −1.33 C17H24O11 Secoxyloganin 194 14.57 335.11252 335.11087 −4.95 C17H18O7 Byakangelicin
79 8.37 563.14062
565.15518
563.14020
565.15283
−0.76
−4.16
C26H28O14 Schaftoside 195* 14.57 317.10196 317.10046 −4.75 C17H16O6 Byakangelicol
80 8.37 637.10463 637.10419 −0.70 C27H26O18 Luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide 196* 14.93 271.06119 271.06100 −0.73 C15H12O5 Naringenin
81 8.39 367.10345
369.11800
367.10297
369.11646
−1.32–4.19 C17H20O9 Feruloylquinic acid 197* 15.02 269.04554 269.04532 −0.84 C15H10O5 Apigenin
82 8.45 639.19305 639.19348 0.66 C29H36O16 S-campneoside II 198 15.05 387.14492 387.14471 −0.56 C21H24O7 5′-O-caffeyl-jasmonic acid
83 8.66 449.14532 449.14478 −1.20 C22H26O10 Forsythenside F 199* 15.22 285.04046 285.04010 −1.27 C15H10O6 Kaempferol
84 8.69 417.11800 417.11612 −4.53 C21H20O9 Daidzin 200 15.23 299.05611 299.05566 −1.51 C16H12O6 Tectorigenin
85 8.78 639.19305 639.19275 −0.48 C29H36O16 Isolugrandoside 201* 15.50 315.05102 315.05084 −0.59 C16H12O7 Isorhamnetin
86 8.81 563.14062
565.15518
563.14038
565.15302
−0.44–3.82 C26H28O14 Vicenin III 202 15.56 329.06667 329.06635 −0.99 C17H14O7 Iristectorigenin A
87* 8.92 447.09328449.10783 447.09293449.10663 −0.79
−2.68
C21H20O11 Orientin 203 15.62 277.10705 277.10587 −4.26 C15H16O5 3′(R)-+-Hamaudol
88 9.07 187.08658 187.08591 −3.63 C11H10N2O Deoxyvasicinone 204 15.65 217.04953 217.04863 −4.17 C12H8O4 Bergapten
89 9.16 447.09328449.10783 447.09290449.10660 −0.86–2.75 C21H20O11 Homoorientin 205* 15.78 359.07724 359.07690 −0.95 C18H16O8 Irigenin
90 9.17 477.06746 477.06732 −0.30 C21H18O13 Quercetin-3-O-β-D-Glucuronide 206 15.79 329.06667 329.06647 −0.63 C17H14O7 Iristectorigenin B
91 9.26 535.18209 535.18195 −0.28 C26H32O12 (+)-Hydroxylpinoresinol-4′-O-glucopyranoside 207 16.06 359.07724 359.07700 −0.67 C18H16O8 Sudachitin
92 9.32 431.09837433.11292 431.09790433.11136 −1.09–3.60 C21H20O10 Vitexin 208 16.43 279.07641 279.07541 −3.62 C16H10N2O3 Hydroxy lindirubin
93 9.36 447.09328449.10783 447.09290449.10620 −0.86
−3.647
C21H20O11 Kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 209 16.44 267.06628 267.06580 −1.81 C16H12O4 Formononetin
94 9.38 609.18249 609.18225 −0.40 C28H34O15 Forsythoside J 210 16.60 217.04953 217.04887 −3.07 C12H8O4 Xanthotoxin
95 9.45 579.17192 579.17163 −0.52 C27H32O14 Naringin 211 16.68 247.06009 247.05922 −3.562 C13H10O5 Isopimpinellin
96 9.47 477.10384
479.11840
477.10364 −0.44 C22H22O12 3′-Hydorxytectoridin 212 17.18 327.05102 327.05075 −0.84 C17H12O7 Iriflogenin
97 9.51 563.14062
565.15518
563.14020 −0.76 C26H28O14 Isoschaftoside 213 17.36 249.06585 249.06487 −3.95 C15H8N2O2 Tryptanthrin
98 9.64 639.19305 639.19299 −0.11 C29H36O16 Plantamajoside isomer 214 17.39 825.46419 825.46454 0.42 C42H68O13 Saikosaponin A
99* 9.68 447.09328449.10783 447.09293449.10641 −0.79
−3.17
C21H20O11 Luteolin-7-O-glucoside 215 17.93 233.04444 233.04349 −4.12 C12H8O5 5-Methoxy-8-hydroxypsoralen
100 9.69 607.20213 607.20044 −2.79 C29H34O14 Pueroside A 216 18.07 359.07614 359.07474 −3.91 C18H14O8 Dichotomitin
101 9.74 187.03897 187.03841 −3.00 C11H6O3 Isopsoralen 217* 18.30 191.10665 191.10577 −4.64 C12H14O2 Ligustilide
102 9.80 473.07254 473.07196 −1.25 C22H18O12 Cichoric acid 218 18.37 373.09289 373.09253 −0.97 C19H18O8 Junipegenin C
103 9.83 623.16175
625.17631
623.16113
625.17365
−1.01–4.25 C28H32O16 Tectorigenin-7-O-β-glucosyl (1 → 6) glucoside 219* 18.56 283.06119 283.06097 −0.80 C16H12O5 Oroxylin A
104 9.86 187.03897 187.03812 −4.55 C11H6O3 Psoralen 220 18.87 283.06119 283.06094 −0.91 C16H12O5 Genkwanin
105 9.91 609.18249 609.18231 −0.30 C28H34O15 Calceolarioside C 221 18.92 249.14852 249.14734 −4.74 C15H20O3 Arteannuin
106 10.02 477.14023 477.13956 −1.41 C23H26O11 Calceolarioside A 222 19.19 263.08150 263.08047 −3.93 C16H10N2O2 Indigo
107 10.04 193.04953 193.04874 −4.12 C10H8O4 Scopoletin 223 19.74 867.47475 867.47522 0.53 C44H70O14 AcetylSaikosaponin
108 10.05 623.19814 623.19769 −0.73 C29H36O15 Forsythoside H 224 19.91 359.11252 359.11115 −3.84 C19H18O7 5-Hydroxy-3′,4′,6,7-tetramethoxyFlavone
109 10.08 417.11800 417.11609 −4.60 C21H20O9 Puerarin isomer 225 20.12 263.08150 263.08035 −4.39 C16H10N2O2 Indirubin
110 10.17 609.18249 609.18243 −0.10 C28H34O15 Calceolarioside C 226 20.20 345.09687 345.09543 −4.20 C18H16O7 Penduletin
111 10.25 417.11800 417.11636 −3.95 C21H20O9 Daidzein 4′-O-glucoside 227 21.08 389.12309 389.12155 −3.97 C20H20O8 Artemetin
112 10.48 755.24040 755.23975 −0.86 C34H44O19 Forsythoside B 228* 21.38 271.09648 271.09537 −4.12 C16H14O4 Isoimperatorin
113* 10.49 609.14610 609.14575 −0.59 C27H30O16 Rutin 229 22.42 301.10705 301.10580 −4.15 C17H16O5 Cnidilin
114* 10.62 463.08819465.10275 463.08807465.10141 −0.28
−2.88
C21H20O12 Hyperoside 230 23.04 359.11252 359.11090 −4.54 C19H18O7 Corymbosin
115 10.74 431.09837433.11292 431.09784433.11111 −1.23–4.18 C21H20O10 Isovitexin 231 23.28 223.09758 223.09694 −2.88 C12H16O4 Pogostone
116 10.80 223.06009 223.05899 −4.98 C11H10O5 Saikochromone A
Compared with standard compounds.
The high resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs) of QQKDG in the positive (P) and negative ion modes (N). N1 m/z 179.03498, 191.01972, 299.05611, 315.05102, 353.08780, 359.07724, 375.12967, 403.12458, 415.10345, 435.15079, 461.10893, 461.16644, 507.11441, 515.11949, 519.18718, 535.16684, 579.20831, 609.14610, 623.19814, 719.16175; N2: m/z 177.01933, 191.05611, 253.07176, 269.04554, 285.04046, 301.03537, 329.06667, 361.11402, 367.10345, 373.11402, 387.16605, 389.10893, 431.09837, 449.14532, 461.07254, 473.07254, 477.10384, 477.14023, 491.11949, 515.14063, 547.14571, 593.15119, 609.18249, 637.10463; N3: m/z 197.04554, 239.09249, 283.15509, 311.04085, 315.07215, 335.13475, 341.08781, 357.13436, 445.07763, 445.11402, 447.09328, 447.15079, 463.08819, 481.09876, 505.15627, 507.17192, 521.13006, 563.14062, 607.20322, 621.18249, 623.16175, 639.19305, 717.14610; N4: m/z 169.01424, 207.06628, 223.09758, 267.06628, 271.06119, 283.06119, 295.04594, 299.11362, 327.05102, 329.08780, 331.06706, 337.09289, 339.07215, 344.04015, 349.08636, 355.10345, 373.09289, 373.12927, 387.14492, 407.09837, 433.11402, 435.12967, 453.14023, 467.21339, 473.14532, 477.06746, 503.17701, 504.18751, 519.15079, 535.18209, 579.17192, 653.17232, 677.15119, 709.19853, 729.26113, 755.24040, 769.25605, 825.46419, 867.47475; P1: m/z 187.08658, 193.04953, 239.08150, 249.14852, 255.06518, 287.09140, 301.10705, 305.10196, 317.10196, 327.13393, 335.11252, 345.09687, 355.10235, 359.11252, 389.12309, 417.11800, 433.11292, 447.09218, 459.12857, 463.12348, 479.11840, 523.14461, 538.22828, 549.16026, 579.17083, 595.16574, 607.20213, 625.17631; P2: m/z 187.03897, 191.10665, 203.03388, 217.04953, 223.06009, 233.04444, 247.06009, 247.09648, 249.06585, 263.08150, 267.07640, 271.09648, 277.10705, 279.07641, 319.11761, 339.10744, 342.16998, 359.07614, 369.11800, 431.13365, 449.10783, 461.14422, 465.10275, 503.11840, 517.13405, 517.15518, 565.15518, 627.15557, 655.18687, 707.25215.
Fig. 2
The high resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs) of QQKDG in the positive (P) and negative ion modes (N). N1 m/z 179.03498, 191.01972, 299.05611, 315.05102, 353.08780, 359.07724, 375.12967, 403.12458, 415.10345, 435.15079, 461.10893, 461.16644, 507.11441, 515.11949, 519.18718, 535.16684, 579.20831, 609.14610, 623.19814, 719.16175; N2: m/z 177.01933, 191.05611, 253.07176, 269.04554, 285.04046, 301.03537, 329.06667, 361.11402, 367.10345, 373.11402, 387.16605, 389.10893, 431.09837, 449.14532, 461.07254, 473.07254, 477.10384, 477.14023, 491.11949, 515.14063, 547.14571, 593.15119, 609.18249, 637.10463; N3: m/z 197.04554, 239.09249, 283.15509, 311.04085, 315.07215, 335.13475, 341.08781, 357.13436, 445.07763, 445.11402, 447.09328, 447.15079, 463.08819, 481.09876, 505.15627, 507.17192, 521.13006, 563.14062, 607.20322, 621.18249, 623.16175, 639.19305, 717.14610; N4: m/z 169.01424, 207.06628, 223.09758, 267.06628, 271.06119, 283.06119, 295.04594, 299.11362, 327.05102, 329.08780, 331.06706, 337.09289, 339.07215, 344.04015, 349.08636, 355.10345, 373.09289, 373.12927, 387.14492, 407.09837, 433.11402, 435.12967, 453.14023, 467.21339, 473.14532, 477.06746, 503.17701, 504.18751, 519.15079, 535.18209, 579.17192, 653.17232, 677.15119, 709.19853, 729.26113, 755.24040, 769.25605, 825.46419, 867.47475; P1: m/z 187.08658, 193.04953, 239.08150, 249.14852, 255.06518, 287.09140, 301.10705, 305.10196, 317.10196, 327.13393, 335.11252, 345.09687, 355.10235, 359.11252, 389.12309, 417.11800, 433.11292, 447.09218, 459.12857, 463.12348, 479.11840, 523.14461, 538.22828, 549.16026, 579.17083, 595.16574, 607.20213, 625.17631; P2: m/z 187.03897, 191.10665, 203.03388, 217.04953, 223.06009, 233.04444, 247.06009, 247.09648, 249.06585, 263.08150, 267.07640, 271.09648, 277.10705, 279.07641, 319.11761, 339.10744, 342.16998, 359.07614, 369.11800, 431.13365, 449.10783, 461.14422, 465.10275, 503.11840, 517.13405, 517.15518, 565.15518, 627.15557, 655.18687, 707.25215.
The high resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs) of QQKDG in the positive (P) and negative ion modes (N). N1 m/z 179.03498, 191.01972, 299.05611, 315.05102, 353.08780, 359.07724, 375.12967, 403.12458, 415.10345, 435.15079, 461.10893, 461.16644, 507.11441, 515.11949, 519.18718, 535.16684, 579.20831, 609.14610, 623.19814, 719.16175; N2: m/z 177.01933, 191.05611, 253.07176, 269.04554, 285.04046, 301.03537, 329.06667, 361.11402, 367.10345, 373.11402, 387.16605, 389.10893, 431.09837, 449.14532, 461.07254, 473.07254, 477.10384, 477.14023, 491.11949, 515.14063, 547.14571, 593.15119, 609.18249, 637.10463; N3: m/z 197.04554, 239.09249, 283.15509, 311.04085, 315.07215, 335.13475, 341.08781, 357.13436, 445.07763, 445.11402, 447.09328, 447.15079, 463.08819, 481.09876, 505.15627, 507.17192, 521.13006, 563.14062, 607.20322, 621.18249, 623.16175, 639.19305, 717.14610; N4: m/z 169.01424, 207.06628, 223.09758, 267.06628, 271.06119, 283.06119, 295.04594, 299.11362, 327.05102, 329.08780, 331.06706, 337.09289, 339.07215, 344.04015, 349.08636, 355.10345, 373.09289, 373.12927, 387.14492, 407.09837, 433.11402, 435.12967, 453.14023, 467.21339, 473.14532, 477.06746, 503.17701, 504.18751, 519.15079, 535.18209, 579.17192, 653.17232, 677.15119, 709.19853, 729.26113, 755.24040, 769.25605, 825.46419, 867.47475; P1: m/z 187.08658, 193.04953, 239.08150, 249.14852, 255.06518, 287.09140, 301.10705, 305.10196, 317.10196, 327.13393, 335.11252, 345.09687, 355.10235, 359.11252, 389.12309, 417.11800, 433.11292, 447.09218, 459.12857, 463.12348, 479.11840, 523.14461, 538.22828, 549.16026, 579.17083, 595.16574, 607.20213, 625.17631; P2: m/z 187.03897, 191.10665, 203.03388, 217.04953, 223.06009, 233.04444, 247.06009, 247.09648, 249.06585, 263.08150, 267.07640, 271.09648, 277.10705, 279.07641, 319.11761, 339.10744, 342.16998, 359.07614, 369.11800, 431.13365, 449.10783, 461.14422, 465.10275, 503.11840, 517.13405, 517.15518, 565.15518, 627.15557, 655.18687, 707.25215.
Fig. 2
The high resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs) of QQKDG in the positive (P) and negative ion modes (N). N1 m/z 179.03498, 191.01972, 299.05611, 315.05102, 353.08780, 359.07724, 375.12967, 403.12458, 415.10345, 435.15079, 461.10893, 461.16644, 507.11441, 515.11949, 519.18718, 535.16684, 579.20831, 609.14610, 623.19814, 719.16175; N2: m/z 177.01933, 191.05611, 253.07176, 269.04554, 285.04046, 301.03537, 329.06667, 361.11402, 367.10345, 373.11402, 387.16605, 389.10893, 431.09837, 449.14532, 461.07254, 473.07254, 477.10384, 477.14023, 491.11949, 515.14063, 547.14571, 593.15119, 609.18249, 637.10463; N3: m/z 197.04554, 239.09249, 283.15509, 311.04085, 315.07215, 335.13475, 341.08781, 357.13436, 445.07763, 445.11402, 447.09328, 447.15079, 463.08819, 481.09876, 505.15627, 507.17192, 521.13006, 563.14062, 607.20322, 621.18249, 623.16175, 639.19305, 717.14610; N4: m/z 169.01424, 207.06628, 223.09758, 267.06628, 271.06119, 283.06119, 295.04594, 299.11362, 327.05102, 329.08780, 331.06706, 337.09289, 339.07215, 344.04015, 349.08636, 355.10345, 373.09289, 373.12927, 387.14492, 407.09837, 433.11402, 435.12967, 453.14023, 467.21339, 473.14532, 477.06746, 503.17701, 504.18751, 519.15079, 535.18209, 579.17192, 653.17232, 677.15119, 709.19853, 729.26113, 755.24040, 769.25605, 825.46419, 867.47475; P1: m/z 187.08658, 193.04953, 239.08150, 249.14852, 255.06518, 287.09140, 301.10705, 305.10196, 317.10196, 327.13393, 335.11252, 345.09687, 355.10235, 359.11252, 389.12309, 417.11800, 433.11292, 447.09218, 459.12857, 463.12348, 479.11840, 523.14461, 538.22828, 549.16026, 579.17083, 595.16574, 607.20213, 625.17631; P2: m/z 187.03897, 191.10665, 203.03388, 217.04953, 223.06009, 233.04444, 247.06009, 247.09648, 249.06585, 263.08150, 267.07640, 271.09648, 277.10705, 279.07641, 319.11761, 339.10744, 342.16998, 359.07614, 369.11800, 431.13365, 449.10783, 461.14422, 465.10275, 503.11840, 517.13405, 517.15518, 565.15518, 627.15557, 655.18687, 707.25215.

3.2.1

3.2.1 Identification of flavonoids

Flavonoids are hydroxylated phenolic substances that exist as aglycones, glycosides or methylated derivatives as the secondary metabolites of plants in natural world (Harborne, 2013). The flavonoid could be subdivided into different subclasses according to the location of the B ring connection, the degree of unsaturation of the C ring and oxidation including isoflavones, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, etc. (Corradini et al., 2011; Karak, 2019; Dias et al., 2021). In this study, a total of 89 flavonoids including 37 isoflavones, 29 flavones, 16 flavonols, 3 flavanones, 3 chromones, 1 dihydrochalcone, were detected and characterized in QQKDG based on FBMN and in-house library (Fig. 3). The identified isoflavones were derived primarily from Belamcanda chinensis and Puerariae lobatae, which are also a rich source of isoflavones and have an intense effect of anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, relieving pain (Wozniak et al., 2010; Choi et al., 2016). Reportedly, glycosyl group was easily substituted at the 7 or 4′ position of aglycones; consequently, the sugar moiety reduced to produce a distinct fragment ion at [Y0]± ion in O-glycosidic flavonoid compounds (Zhang et al., 2017). Furthermore, it is helpful in determining the presence of special functional groups in the structures in which the neutral loss of a molecule of H2O (18.011 Da), CO (27.995 Da), or CO2 (43.990 Da) and the cleavage of hexose occurred in the C-glycosidic flavonoid (Li et al., 2015). Peak 69 generated precursor ion [M−H] at m/z 547.14571 (C26H27O13), which produced the fragment ions at m/z 325.0700 [M−H−132.0417–90.0311], thus indicating the neutral elimination of the pentose moiety and characteristic cleavage of the 0/3 bond, 295.0609 [M−H−132.0417–120.0417] by the loss of pentose moiety and cleavage of the 0/2 bond. Subsequently, an ion was obtained at m/z 267.0660 by the neutral loss of CO from m/z 295.060 in ESI mode. Peak 69 also yielded a precursor ion [M + H]+ at m/z 549.16026 (C26H29O13+), which was fragmented into m/z 417.1164, corresponding to [M + H–132.0417]+, by the cleavage of pentose, m/z 297.0745 [M + H-132.0417–120.0417]+, m/z 399.1058 [M + H–132.0417–18.0100]+, and m/z 381.0953 [M + H–132.042–36.022]+ owing to the loss of one H2O and two H2O from m/z 417.1164, and m/z 351.0848 [M + H–C5H8O4-2H2O-OCH2]+ in ESI+ mode. Compared with the reference substance, peak 69 was identified as puerarin apioside. Peak 139 produced a precursor ion [M−H] at m/z 461.10893 (C26H27O13), which yielded fragment ions at m/z 299.0555 [M−H−C6H10O5], 284.0318 [M−H−C6H10O5−CH3], 283.0246 [M−H−C6H10O5−CH4], 256.0335 [M−H−C6H10O5−CH3−CO], and 240.0422 [M−H−C6H10O5−CH3−CO2]. Peak 139 also exhibited an [M + H]+ ion at m/z 463.12348, along with MS2 fragments at m/z 301.0695 [M + H-C6H10O5]+ and 286.0458 [M + H-C6H10O5-CH3]+. Based on the mass of MS fragmentation and standards, this compound was identified as tectoridin. The [M−H] ions of flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and dihydrochalcones underwent a neutral loss of CH3, CO, CO2, and H2O, along with a Retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) fragmentation reaction (Liu et al., 2005). Peak 99 generated a precursor ion [M−H] at m/z 447.09328 (C21H19O11), and was fragmented into m/z 285.0402 [M−H−162.0523] by the loss of the C6H10O5 at the C-7 position, and into 151.0025 [C7H3O4] and 133.0283 [C8H5O2] by RDA cleavage. Thus, it was unambiguously characterized as luteolin-7-O-glucoside by comparing its retention time and fragment ions with the reference standard. The proposed fragmentation pathways for puerarin apioside, tectoridin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were shown in Fig. 4a, b, c, respectively.

The Feature-based molecular network of flavonoids of QQKDG extract in positive ion mode (a,b) and nagetive ion mode (c,d). a,c isoflavones; b,d flavones.
Fig. 3
The Feature-based molecular network of flavonoids of QQKDG extract in positive ion mode (a,b) and nagetive ion mode (c,d). a,c isoflavones; b,d flavones.
The Feature-based molecular network of flavonoids of QQKDG extract in positive ion mode (a,b) and nagetive ion mode (c,d). a,c isoflavones; b,d flavones.
Fig. 3
The Feature-based molecular network of flavonoids of QQKDG extract in positive ion mode (a,b) and nagetive ion mode (c,d). a,c isoflavones; b,d flavones.
The proposed fragmentation pathways of chemicals of QQKDG in positive and negative modes, a, puerarin apioside; b, tectoridin; c, luteolin-7-O-glucoside; d, forsythoside A; e, isochlorogenic acid A; f, isoimperatorin; g, rosmarinic acid; h, sweroside; i, magnoflorine.
Fig. 4
The proposed fragmentation pathways of chemicals of QQKDG in positive and negative modes, a, puerarin apioside; b, tectoridin; c, luteolin-7-O-glucoside; d, forsythoside A; e, isochlorogenic acid A; f, isoimperatorin; g, rosmarinic acid; h, sweroside; i, magnoflorine.
The proposed fragmentation pathways of chemicals of QQKDG in positive and negative modes, a, puerarin apioside; b, tectoridin; c, luteolin-7-O-glucoside; d, forsythoside A; e, isochlorogenic acid A; f, isoimperatorin; g, rosmarinic acid; h, sweroside; i, magnoflorine.
Fig. 4
The proposed fragmentation pathways of chemicals of QQKDG in positive and negative modes, a, puerarin apioside; b, tectoridin; c, luteolin-7-O-glucoside; d, forsythoside A; e, isochlorogenic acid A; f, isoimperatorin; g, rosmarinic acid; h, sweroside; i, magnoflorine.
The proposed fragmentation pathways of chemicals of QQKDG in positive and negative modes, a, puerarin apioside; b, tectoridin; c, luteolin-7-O-glucoside; d, forsythoside A; e, isochlorogenic acid A; f, isoimperatorin; g, rosmarinic acid; h, sweroside; i, magnoflorine.
Fig. 4
The proposed fragmentation pathways of chemicals of QQKDG in positive and negative modes, a, puerarin apioside; b, tectoridin; c, luteolin-7-O-glucoside; d, forsythoside A; e, isochlorogenic acid A; f, isoimperatorin; g, rosmarinic acid; h, sweroside; i, magnoflorine.

3.2.2

3.2.2 Identification of phenylethanoid glycosides

Reportedly, the common chemical structures of phenylethanoid glycosides are composed of saccharides (including rhamnose, glucose, and phenethyl alcohol (C6–C2) moieties) and linked aromatic acids (including caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid) via glycosidic bonds (Zheng et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2019). Phenylethanoid glycosides, detected in QQKDG, are a type of signature ingredient and the main components that play therapeutic effects; they are rooted in Forsythia suspensa (Shao et al., 2017), Furthermore, phenylethanol glycosides can regulate various signaling pathways to play an antiinflammatory role, and are promising as a supplement for antiinflammatory drugs. In the ESI- mode, the primary and representative phenylethanoid glycosides lost were glucose (Glu C6H10O5, 162.0523 Da), rhamnose (Rha C6H10O4, 146.0574 Da), H2O (18.0101 Da), CO (27.9943 Da), and CO2 (43.9893 Da). In addition, a series of lower-molecular-weight aromatic acids showed regular fragmentation patterns. For instance, caffeic acid (C9H7O4, m/z 179.0339) produced ions at m/z 135.0441 (C8H7O2) and 161.02333 (C9H5O3) by the further loss of CO2 and H2O; ferulic acid (C10H9O4, m/z 193.0495) yielded an ion at m/z 175.0390(C10H7O3) by the loss of H2O; and coumaric acid (C9H7O3, m/z 163.0390) generated ions at m/z 145.0284 (C9H5O2) and 119.0491 (C8H7O) by the further loss of H2O and CO2, respectively. In this study, the FBMN contained a total of 91 nodes, of which numerous were phenylethanoid glycosides according to their fragment ions (Fig. 5); however, only a few nodes were analyzed and identified. Peaks 108, 117, 119, and 146, eluted at 10.05, 10.80, 10.95, and 12.54 min, respectively, showed the same precursor ion [M−H] at m/z 623.19814 (C29H35O15), and exhibited similar fragment ions at m/z 461.1665 [M−H−C6H10O5], 179.0340 [caffeic acid-H], and 161.0233 [caffeic acid-H2O]. Peaks 117 and 119 were confirmed to be forsythoside. Additionally, peaks 108 and 146 were tentatively identified as forsythoside H and I, respectively, based on their retention behavior on a reversed-phase chromatographic column and similar fragmentation patterns (Sun et al., 2015). Peaks 106 and 132 (Rt 10.02 and 11.58 min, respectively) were assigned to calceolariosides A and B in the FBMN. The proposed fragmentation pathway of forsythoside A is shown in Fig. 4d.

The Feature-based molecular network of phenylethanoid glycosides of QQKDG extract in negative ion mode.
Fig. 5
The Feature-based molecular network of phenylethanoid glycosides of QQKDG extract in negative ion mode.

3.2.3

3.2.3 Identification of chlorogenic acid derivatives

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are a group of esters of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), which include caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), p-coumaric acid (p-CoA), and quinic acid (QA), which yield caffeoylquinic acid (CQA), feruloylquinic acid (FQA), and p-coumaroylquinic acid (pCoQA), respectively; additionally, the majority of CGAs were mono- and di-caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) (Ramabulana et al., 2020). These compounds exist predominantly in several plants, which possess some notable pharmacological properties, such as antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, and contribute significantly to the total dietary intake of phenols (Marques and Farah, 2009). The caffeic acid (m/z 179.0338 C9H7O4), ferulic acid (m/z 193.0495 C10H9O4), and p-coumaric acid (m/z 163.0390 C9H7O3) are the common types of hydroxycinnamic acids, which generate a series of characteristic fragment ions at m/z 135.0441 (C8H7O2) and 161.0233 (C9H5O3) by the further loss of CO2 and H2O from m/z 179.0338 (C9H7O4); m/z 178.0261 (C9H6O4), 149.0597 (C9H9O2), and 134.0362 (C8H6O2) by the further loss of CH3, CO2, CO2H2O from m/z 193.0495 (C10H9O4), respectively; and 119.0491 (C8H7O) by the loss of CO2 from m/z 163.0390. Meanwhile, the fragment ions at m/z 173.0444 (C7H9O5), 127.0389 (C6H7O3), and 111.0440 (C6H7O2), by the loss of H2O, 2H2OCO, and 2H2OCO2 from m/z 11.0550 (C7H11O6), respectively, were characteristic ions of quinic acid in the ESI mode. In this study, the FBMN contained 28 nodes in the positive ion mode and 21 nodes in the negative ion mode in connection with CGAs; additionally, most of the nodes were hydroxycinnamylquinic acids and dihydroxycinnamylquinic acids (Fig. 6). Peaks 70, 138, 144, 145, and 162, eluted at 7.63, 12.05, 12.39, 12.52, and 13.04 min, respectively, exhibited the same precursor ion [M−H] at m/z 515.11949 (C25H23O12), which produced fragment ions at m/z 353.0874 [M−H−C9H6O3] by the loss of a caffeoyl residue, 179.0340 [caffeic acid-H], 135.0439 [caffeic acid-H-CO2], 191.0552 [quinic acid-H], and 173.0445 [quinic acid-H-H2O]. Peaks 70, 144, 145, and 162 were explicitly identified as 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, and isochlorogenic acid C, respectively, by comparison with corresponding reference standards. Peak 138 as its isomer had a similar precursor ion and fragmentation patterns and was tentatively identified as 1, 4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid according to its chromatographic retention behavior. The proposed fragmentation pathway of isochlorogenic acid A is shown in Fig. 4e.

The Feature-based molecular network of chlorogenic acid derivatives of QQKDG extract in positive (a) and negative (b) ion modes.
Fig. 6
The Feature-based molecular network of chlorogenic acid derivatives of QQKDG extract in positive (a) and negative (b) ion modes.

3.2.4

3.2.4 Identification of coumarins

Coumarins are common lactones formed by the intramolecular dehydration of cis-o-hydroxycinnamic acid and are characterized by a benzene ring attached to an alpha-pyrone ring. Coumarins are the most abundant components of Angelicae dahuricae (AD) in QQKDG and possess various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and anticoagulant effects (Lu et al., 2020). The coumarins separated from AD are predominantly linear furocoumarins, which consist of a simple coumarin as the parent nucleus and a substituent group at the seven and six positions. Furthermore, the positions of the benzene rings of simple coumarins at the five, six, seven, and eight sites were replaced by hydroxyl, methoxyl, methylenedioxy, and isopentenyl groups (Zhu and Jiang, 2018). In ESI+ mode, the primary and representative losses of H2O (18.0100 Da), CH3 (15.0229 Da), CO (27.9943 Da), and CO2 (43.9893 Da) occurred in simple coumarins. In this study, FBMN contained 31 nodes, of which 22 were identified as coumarins and 5 were regarded as potential compounds according to their MS2 fragment ions (Fig. 7). Peak 195 showed a precursor ion [M + H]+ at m/z 317.10196 (C17H17O6+), which yielded product ions at m/z 233.0435 [M + H-C5H8O]+, 231.0279 [M + H-C5H10O]+, 218.0202 [M + H-C5H8O-CH3]+, 203.0332 [M + H-C5H10O-CO]+, and 175.0383 [M + H-C5H10O-2CO]+. Therefore, peak 195 was confirmed to be byakangelicol based on a retention time and fragmentation pathway similar to that of the reference standards. Peak 228 displayed the parent ion [M + H]+ at m/z 271.09648 (C16H14O4+), thus indicating the presence of characteristic fragment ions at m/z 203.0330 [M + H-C5H8]+, 175.0382 [M + H-C5H8-CO]+, and 147.0435 [M + H-C5H8-2CO]+. Thus, it was unambiguously identified as isoimperatorin by comparing the retention time and parent and fragment ions with those of the standard. Peaks 185 and 192 both showed quasi-molecular ion [M + H]+ at m/z 305.10196 (C16H17O6+) and produced a series of similar characteristic fragment ions at m/z 203.0330 [M + H-C5H10O2]+, 175.0383 [M + H-C5H10O2-CO]+, and 147.0434 [M + H-C5H10O2-2CO]+, which were tentatively characterized as prangenin hydrate, oxypeucedan hydrate, respectively, based on their different retention times in the HPLC chromatogram. The proposed fragmentation pathway of isoimperatorin is shown in Fig. 4f.

The Feature-based molecular network of coumarins of QQKDG extract in positive ion mode.
Fig. 7
The Feature-based molecular network of coumarins of QQKDG extract in positive ion mode.

3.2.5

3.2.5 Identification of phenolic acids

Phenolic acids are a class of common compounds formed by the substitution of hydrogen atoms on benzene rings with carboxylic acid (—COOH) and hydroxyl groups (—OH), and are widely present in plants, plant foods, and human metabolites. Phenolic acids are excellent antioxidants that can alleviate physical damage and chronic diseases caused by free radicals (Chen et al., 2020). In this study, 36 phenolic acids were identified in QQKDG. However, no related FBMN cluster of phenolic acids was built in the GNPS, most likely because phenolic acids contain numerous varieties such as caffeic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and ferulic acid, and no correlation exists between the secondary fragment ions of these compounds. Peak 164 exhibited a quasi-molecular ion [M−H] at m/z 359.07724 (C18H15O8), which produced the characteristic fragment ions at m/z 197.0446 [M−H−C9H6O3] by the loss of the caffeoyl group, 179.0339 [M−H−C9H6O3−H2O], and 161.0233 [M−H−C9H6O3−2H2O], as shown in Fig. 8. Therefore, peak 164 was accurately identified as rosmarinic acid based on chromatographic information and fragmentation patterns of the reference substance. Peaks 6 and 49 were identified as gallic and caffeic acids, respectively. Peak 9 presented a [M−H] ion at m/z 331.06706 (C13H15O10), corresponding to gallic acid linked to a glucose, fragment ions at m/z 169.0112 [M−H−162.0522] from gallic acid and m/z 125.0231 [M−H−162.0522–43.9893] corresponding to the loss of CO2; hence, peak 9 was tentatively identified as gallic acid-4-O-glucoside. Peaks 21 and 35 displayed the precursor ion [M−H] at m/z 341.08781(C15H17O9), which yielded fragment ions at m/z 179.03440 [M−H−C6H10O5] and 135.0439 [M−H−C6H10O5−CO2] by the subsequent loss of CO2. Thus, they were tentatively characterized as caffeic acid-O-glucosides. Peak 83 showed a precursor ion [M−H] at m/z 449.14532 (C22H25O10) and then yielded product ions at m/z 315.1093 [M−H−C8H6O2], 193.0498 (C10H9O4), 175.0390 [C10H9O4-H2O], and 165.0547 [C10H9O4-CO]. According to the fragmentation patterns reported in the literature (Sun et al., 2015), peak 83 was tentatively identified as forsythenside F. The proposed fragmentation pathway of rosmarinic acid is shown in Fig. 4g.

The Feature-based molecular network of rosmarinic acid derivates of QQKDG extract in negative ion mode.
Fig. 8
The Feature-based molecular network of rosmarinic acid derivates of QQKDG extract in negative ion mode.

3.2.6

3.2.6 Identification of terpenoids and alkaloids

In this study, 14 terpenoids, including 10 monoterpenes, 2 sesquiterpenes, and 2 triterpenes, were identified according to the chromatographic retention behavior and fragmentation patterns of the in-house library. Peak 64 displayed a precursor ion [M + HCOOH-H] at m/z 403.12458 (C17H23O11), which generated the aglycone ion [M−H−C6H10O5] at m/z 195.065 (C10H11O4) by the neutral loss of a glucose; the subsequent loss of CO2 further produced the fragment ion [M−H−C6H10O5−CO2] at m/z 151.0751 (C9H11O2), and 125.0231 (C6H5O3) originated from the RDA cleavage. Thus, it was identified as a sweroside by comparing the retention time and fragmentation pathways with those of the reference compound. Peaks 15, 29, and 31 all displayed the deprotonated molecular ion [M−H] at m/z 375.12967 (C16H23O10), and produced similar MS/MS spectrum patterns. They produced several fragment ions at m/z 213.0761 [M−H−C6H10O5], 169.0859 [M−H−C6H10O5−CO2], 151.0753 [M−H−C6H10O5−CO2−H2O], and 125.0595 (C7H9O2), which were tentatively identified as 8-epiloganic acid (peak 15), loganic acid (peak 29), and adoxosidic acid (peak 21), according to the elution order on the chromatographic column and fragment pathways (He et al., 2020). Additionally, a total of 10 alkaloids that mainly originated from Isatis Tinctoria and Folium Isatidis in QQKDG were detected and characterized. Peak 56 was assigned to magnoflorine by comparing its retention time and MS2 spectrum with those of the reference compound. Peaks 222 and 225 showed a [M + H]+ ion at m/z 263.08150 (C16H11N2O2+), which produced fragment ions at m/z 235.0856 [M + H-CO]+ and 219.0907 [M + H-CO2]+, which were tentatively characterized as indigo and indirubin, respectively, according to the retention time and fragmentation patterns in the literature (Yan et al., 2017). The proposed fragmentation pathways for sweroside and magnoflorine are shown in Fig. 4h and i.

3.2.7

3.2.7 Identification of lignans and other compounds

Lignans are a class of natural products derived from the oxidative coupling of two C6–C3 units that can combine with sugar groups to form glycosides. Lignans have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases for a long time owing to their biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory (Teponno et al., 2016). In this study, 10 lignans were characterized using an in-house library and GNPS (Fig. 9). Peaks 148 and 171 both showed a quasi-molecular ion peak [M−H] at m/z 519.18718 (C26H31O11) and produced a similar fragment ion at m/z 357.1342 (C20H21O6), corresponding to [M−H−C6H10O5], due to the loss of a glucose group. Hence, peaks 148 and 171 were tentatively characterized as pinoresinol-O-glucoside and matairesinoside, respectively, according to the elution order of the chromatographic column and fragment pathways (He et al., 2020). Additionally, the other seven compounds, namely Cgmp, N-octanoylsucrose, 3-(2′-Hydroxypheny)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone, ligustilide, Junipegenin C, pogostone, and kuzubutenolide A, were detected and putatively identified by matching the MS/MS product ions with in-house library. Peak 217 exhibited an [M + H]+ ion at m/z 191.10665, which produced product ions at m/z 145.1012 (C11H13) owing to the loss of H2O and CO, and 117.0699 (C9H9), derived from the ion at m/z 145.1012 through the elimination of 28.0305 (C2H4). It was identified as ligustilide by comparing the chromatographic behavior and MS/MS spectra with the reference standard.

The Feature-based molecular network of lignans of QQKDG extract in negative ion mode.
Fig. 9
The Feature-based molecular network of lignans of QQKDG extract in negative ion mode.

4

4 Conclusion

In this study, an integrated strategy based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS coupled with FBMN analysis was developed for systematical characterization of structural types and identification of chemical ingredients in the TCM prescription QQKDG. It is beneficial to exploring unknown or potential compounds, revealing the visualization of the structural relationships among molecules, and improving the efficiency of compounds identification using multiple databases matching and fragmentation patterns, which could effectively avoid the problems of high cost and low efficiency of natural products discovery in TCMs. Thus, a total of 231 compounds were accurately or tentatively characterized, among which 224 compounds including ccflavonoids, phenolic acids, phenylethanoid glycosides, coumarins, chlorogenic acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and lignans were identified for the first time. Moreover, numerous unassigned clusters and nodes were observed in the GNPS, which is conducive to the discovery of novel compounds. However, the results revealed that FBMN did not benefit the further characterization of isomers with high confidence, and distinguishing isomers is challenging at present. In summary, this systematic study on QQKDG provides a convenient and powerful analytical strategy for the rapid screening and detection of the chemical constituents of TCM formulas. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for quality control and promote the development of modern QQKDG prescription.

Funding

This study was funded by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (no. 2022RC1228), Hunan Province Social Science Innovation Research Base (Ethnic medicine and ethnic culture research base), Research Project of Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2021MS220) and Research Project of Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (20ZJ18).

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Appendix A

Supplementary material

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105463.

Appendix A

Supplementary material

The following are the Supplementary data to this article:

Supplementary data 1

Supplementary data 1

Supplementary data 2

Supplementary data 2

Supplementary data 3

Supplementary data 3

Supplementary data 4

Supplementary data 4

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